java并行化编程

水深无声 2022-05-28 10:06 196阅读 0赞

# 说明 #

在写算法时，经常会想并行化一些没有关联的步骤，其原因会减少算法的运行时间，最近再搞算法编程的时候，就遇到这种问题。这里提供一种简单的，并行化java编程。

# code #

如下为测试的算法，只需要在compute中书写你要并行化的程序就行了。

import utility.Parallel;
    
    public class ParallelTest {
    
        public static void main(String[] args) {
            //并行化运行
            testParallel();
    
        }
        public static void testParallel()
        {
    
            Parallel.loop(100, new Parallel.LoopInt()
            {
                //需要并行化的程序
                public void compute(int i)
                {
                    System.out.println("i:"+i);
                }
            });
        }
    }

# 执行结果 #

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast]

# Parallel类 #

关于底层实现的类，这里提供给大家。国外的一个人写的。

package utility;
 
 import java.util.Collection;
 import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
 import java.util.concurrent.ForkJoinPool;
 import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveAction;
 import java.util.concurrent.RecursiveTask;
 
 /**
 * Utilities for parallel computing in loops over independent tasks. This class
 * provides convenient methods for parallel processing of tasks that involve
 * loops over indices, in which computations for different indices are
 * independent.
 * 
 * As a simple example, consider the following function that squares floats in
 * one array and stores the results in a second array.
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * static void sqr(float[] a, float[] b) {
 * int n = a.length;
 * for (int i=0; i<n; ++i)
 * b[i] = a[i]*a[i];
 * }
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * A serial version of a similar function for 2D arrays is:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * static void sqrSerial(float[][] a, float[][] b) 
 * {
 * int n = a.length;
 * for (int i=0; i<n; ++i) {
 * sqr(a[i],b[i]);
 * }
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * Using this class, the parallel version for 2D arrays is:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * static void sqrParallel(final float[][] a, final float[][] b) {
 * int n = a.length;
 * Parallel.loop(n,new Parallel.LoopInt() {
 * public void compute(int i) {
 * sqr(a[i],b[i]);
 * }
 * });
 * }
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * In the parallel version, the method {@code compute} defined by the interface
 * {@code LoopInt} will be called n times for different indices i in the range
 * [0,n-1]. The order of indices is both indeterminant and irrelevant because
 * the computation for each index i is independent. The arrays a and b are
 * declared final as required for use in the implementation of {@code LoopInt}.
 * 
 * Note: because the method {@code loop} and interface {@code LoopInt} are
 * static members of this class, we can omit the class name prefix
 * {@code Parallel} if we first import these names with
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * import static edu.mines.jtk.util.Parallel.*;
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * A similar method facilitates tasks that reduce a sequence of indexed values
 * to one or more values. For example, given the following method:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * static float sum(float[] a) {
 * int n = a.length;
 * float s = 0.0f;
 * for (int i=0; i<n; ++i)
 * s += a[i];
 * return s;
 * }
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * serial and parallel versions for 2D arrays may be written as:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * static float sumSerial(float[][] a) {
 * int n = a.length;
 * float s = 0.0f;
 * for (int i=0; i<n; ++i)
 * s += sum(a[i]);
 * return s;
 * }
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * and
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * static float sumParallel(final float[][] a) {
 * int n = a.length;
 * return Parallel.reduce(n,new Parallel.ReduceInt<Float>() {
 * public Float compute(int i) {
 * return sum(a[i]);
 * }
 * public Float combine(Float s1, Float s2) {
 * return s1+s2;
 * }
 * });
 * }
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * In the parallel version, we implement the interface {@code ReduceInt} with
 * two methods, one to {@code compute} sums of array elements and another to
 * {@code combine} two such sums together. The same pattern works for other
 * reduce operations. For example, with similar functions we could compute
 * minimum and maximum values (in a single reduce) for any indexed sequence of
 * values.
 * 
 * More general loops are supported, and are equivalent to the following serial
 * code:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * for (int i=begin; i<end; i+=step)
 * // some computation that depends on i
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * The methods loop and reduce require that begin is less than end and that step
 * is positive. The requirement that begin is less than end ensures that reduce
 * is always well-defined. The requirement that step is positive ensures that
 * the loop terminates.
 * 
 * Static methods loop and reduce submit tasks to a fork-join framework that
 * maintains a pool of threads shared by all users of these methods. These
 * methods recursively split tasks so that disjoint sets of indices are
 * processed in parallel by different threads.
 * 
 * In addition to the three loop parameters begin, end, and step, a fourth
 * parameter chunk may be specified. This chunk parameter is a threshold for
 * splitting tasks so that they can be performed in parallel. If a range of
 * indices to be processed is smaller than the chunk size, or if too many tasks
 * have already been queued for processing, then the indices are processed
 * serially. Otherwise, the range is split into two parts for processing by new
 * tasks. If specified, the chunk size is a lower bound; the number of indices
 * processed serially will never be lower, but may be higher, than a specified
 * chunk size. The default chunk size is one.
 * 
 * The default chunk size is often sufficient, because the test for an excess
 * number of queued tasks prevents tasks from being split needlessly. This test
 * is especially useful when parallel loops are nested, as when looping over
 * elements of multi-dimensional arrays.
 * 
 * For example, an implementation of the method {@code sqrParallel} for 3D
 * arrays could simply call the 2D version listed above. Tasks will naturally
 * tend to be split for outer loops, but not inner loops, thereby reducing
 * overhead, time spent splitting and queueing tasks.
 * 
 * Reference: A Java Fork/Join Framework, by Doug Lea, describes the framework
 * used to implement this class. This framework will be part of JDK 7.
 * 
 * @author Dave Hale, Colorado School of Mines
 * @version 2010.11.23
 */
 public class Parallel
 {
 
 /** A loop body that computes something for an int index. */
 public interface LoopInt
 {
 
 /**
 * Computes for the specified loop index.
 * 
 * @param i
 * loop index.
 */
 public void compute(int i);
 }
 
 /** A loop body that computes and returns a value for an int index. */
 public interface ReduceInt<V>
 {
 
 /**
 * Returns a value computed for the specified loop index.
 * 
 * @param i
 * loop index.
 * @return the computed value.
 */
 public V compute(int i);
 
 /**
 * Returns the combination of two specified values.
 * 
 * @param v1
 * a value.
 * @param v2
 * a value.
 * @return the combined value.
 */
 public V combine(V v1, V v2);
 }
 
 /**
 * A wrapper for objects that are not thread-safe. Such objects have methods
 * that cannot safely be executed concurrently in multiple threads. To use
 * an unsafe object within a parallel computation, first construct an
 * instance of this wrapper. Then, within the compute method, get the unsafe
 * object; if null, construct and set a new unsafe object in this wrapper,
 * before using the unsafe object to perform the computation. This pattern
 * ensures that each thread computes using a distinct unsafe object. For
 * example,
 * 
 * <pre>
 * <code>
 * final Parallel.Unsafe<Worker> nts = new Parallel.Unsafe<Worker>();
 * Parallel.loop(count,new Parallel.LoopInt() {
 * public void compute(int i) {
 * Worker w = nts.get(); // get worker for the current thread
 * if (w==null) nts.set(w=new Worker()); // if null, make one
 * w.work(); // the method work need not be thread-safe
 * }
 * });
 * </code>
 * </pre>
 * 
 * This wrapper is most useful when (1) the cost of constructing an unsafe
 * object is high, relative to the cost of each call to compute, and (2) the
 * number of threads calling compute is significantly lower than the total
 * number of such calls. Otherwise, if either of these conditions is false,
 * then simply construct a new unsafe object within the compute method.
 * 
 * This wrapper works much like the Java standard class ThreadLocal, except
 * that an object within this wrapper can be garbage-collected before its
 * thread dies. This difference is important because fork-join worker
 * threads are pooled and will typically die only when a program ends.
 */
 public static class Unsafe<T>
 {
 
 /**
 * Constructs a wrapper for objects that are not thread-safe.
 */
 public Unsafe()
 {
 int initialCapacity = 16; // the default initial capacity
 float loadFactor = 0.5f; // huge numbers of threads are unlikely
 int concurrencyLevel = 2 * _pool.getParallelism();
 _map = new ConcurrentHashMap<Thread, T>(initialCapacity,
 loadFactor, concurrencyLevel);
 }
 
 /**
 * Gets the object in this wrapper for the current thread.
 * 
 * @return the object; null, of not yet set for the current thread.
 */
 public T get()
 {
 return _map.get(Thread.currentThread());
 }
 
 /**
 * Sets the object in this wrapper for the current thread.
 * 
 * @param object
 * the object.
 */
 public void set(T object)
 {
 _map.put(Thread.currentThread(), object);
 }
 
 /**
 * Returns a collection of all unsafe objects in this wrapper. This
 * method is useful only after parallel loops have ended.
 * 
 * @return the collection of unsafe objects.
 */
 public Collection<T> getAll()
 {
 return _map.values();
 }
 
 private final ConcurrentHashMap<Thread, T> _map;
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a loop <code>for (int i=0; i<end; ++i)</code>.
 * 
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 */
 public static void loop(int end, LoopInt body)
 {
 loop(0, end, 1, 1, body);
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a loop <code>for (int i=begin; i<end; ++i)</code>.
 * 
 * @param begin
 * the begin index for the loop; must be less than end.
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 */
 public static void loop(int begin, int end, LoopInt body)
 {
 loop(begin, end, 1, 1, body);
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a loop <code>for (int i=begin; i<end; i+=step)</code>.
 * 
 * @param begin
 * the begin index for the loop; must be less than end.
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param step
 * the index increment; must be positive.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 */
 public static void loop(int begin, int end, int step, LoopInt body)
 {
 loop(begin, end, step, 1, body);
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a loop <code>for (int i=begin; i<end; i+=step)</code>.
 * 
 * @param begin
 * the begin index for the loop; must be less than end.
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param step
 * the index increment; must be positive.
 * @param chunk
 * the chunk size; must be positive.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 */
 public static void loop(int begin, int end, int step, int chunk,
 LoopInt body)
 {
 checkArgs(begin, end, step, chunk);
 if (_serial || end <= begin + chunk * step) {
 for (int i = begin; i < end; i += step) {
 body.compute(i);
 }
 }
 else {
 LoopIntAction task = new LoopIntAction(begin, end, step, chunk,
 body);
 if (LoopIntAction.inForkJoinPool()) {
 task.invoke();
 }
 else {
 _pool.invoke(task);
 }
 }
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a reduce <code>for (int i=0; i<end; ++i)</code>.
 * 
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 * @return the computed value.
 */
 public static <V> V reduce(int end, ReduceInt<V> body)
 {
 return reduce(0, end, 1, 1, body);
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a reduce <code>for (int i=begin; i<end; ++i)</code>.
 * 
 * @param begin
 * the begin index for the loop; must be less than end.
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 * @return the computed value.
 */
 public static <V> V reduce(int begin, int end, ReduceInt<V> body)
 {
 return reduce(begin, end, 1, 1, body);
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a reduce <code>for (int i=begin; i<end; i+=step)</code>.
 * 
 * @param begin
 * the begin index for the loop; must be less than end.
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param step
 * the index increment; must be positive.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 * @return the computed value.
 */
 public static <V> V reduce(int begin, int end, int step, ReduceInt<V> body)
 {
 return reduce(begin, end, step, 1, body);
 }
 
 /**
 * Performs a reduce <code>for (int i=begin; i<end; i+=step)</code>.
 * 
 * @param begin
 * the begin index for the loop; must be less than end.
 * @param end
 * the end index (not included) for the loop.
 * @param step
 * the index increment; must be positive.
 * @param chunk
 * the chunk size; must be positive.
 * @param body
 * the loop body.
 * @return the computed value.
 */
 public static <V> V reduce(int begin, int end, int step, int chunk,
 ReduceInt<V> body)
 {
 checkArgs(begin, end, step, chunk);
 if (_serial || end <= begin + chunk * step) {
 V v = body.compute(begin);
 for (int i = begin + step; i < end; i += step) {
 V vi = body.compute(i);
 v = body.combine(v, vi);
 }
 return v;
 }
 else {
 ReduceIntTask<V> task = new ReduceIntTask<V>(begin, end, step,
 chunk, body);
 if (ReduceIntTask.inForkJoinPool()) {
 return task.invoke();
 }
 else {
 return _pool.invoke(task);
 }
 }
 }
 
 /**
 * Enables or disables parallel processing by all methods of this class. By
 * default, parallel processing is enabled. If disabled, all tasks will be
 * executed on the current thread.
 * 
 * Setting this flag to false disables parallel processing for all
 * users of this class. This method should therefore be used for
 * testing and benchmarking only.
 * 
 * @param parallel
 * true, for parallel processing; false, otherwise.
 */
 public static void setParallel(boolean parallel)
 {
 _serial = !parallel;
 }
 
 // /
 // private
 
 // Implementation notes:
 // Each fork-join task below has a range of indices to be processed.
 // If the range is less than or equal to the chunk size, or if the
 // queue for the current thread holds too many tasks already, then
 // simply process the range on the current thread. Otherwise, split
 // the range into two parts that are approximately equal, ensuring
 // that the left part is at least as large as the right part. If the
 // right part is not empty, fork a new task. Then compute the left
 // part in the current thread, and, if necessary, join the right part.
 
 // Threshold for number of surplus queued tasks. Used below to
 // determine whether or not to split a task into two subtasks.
 private static final int NSQT = 6;
 
 // The pool shared by all fork-join tasks created through this class.
 private static ForkJoinPool _pool = new ForkJoinPool();
 
 // Serial flag; true for no parallel processing.
 private static boolean _serial = false;
 
 /**
 * Checks loop arguments.
 */
 private static void checkArgs(int begin, int end, int step, int chunk)
 {
 argument(begin < end, "begin<end");
 argument(step > 0, "step>0");
 argument(chunk > 0, "chunk>0");
 }
 
 public static void argument(boolean condition, String message)
 {
 if (!condition)
 throw new IllegalArgumentException("required condition: " + message);
 }
 
 /**
 * Splits range [begin:end) into [begin:middle) and [middle:end). The
 * returned middle index equals begin plus an integer multiple of step.
 */
 private static int middle(int begin, int end, int step)
 {
 return begin + step + ((end - begin - 1) / 2) / step * step;
 }
 
 /**
 * Fork-join task for parallel loop.
 */
 private static class LoopIntAction
 extends RecursiveAction
 {
 LoopIntAction(int begin, int end, int step, int chunk, LoopInt body)
 {
 assert begin < end : "begin < end";
 _begin = begin;
 _end = end;
 _step = step;
 _chunk = chunk;
 _body = body;
 }
 
 @Override
 protected void compute()
 {
 if (_end <= _begin + _chunk * _step
 || getSurplusQueuedTaskCount() > NSQT) {
 for (int i = _begin; i < _end; i += _step) {
 _body.compute(i);
 }
 }
 else {
 int middle = middle(_begin, _end, _step);
 LoopIntAction l = new LoopIntAction(_begin, middle, _step,
 _chunk, _body);
 LoopIntAction r = (middle < _end) ? new LoopIntAction(middle,
 _end, _step, _chunk, _body) : null;
 if (r != null)
 r.fork();
 l.compute();
 if (r != null)
 r.join();
 }
 }
 
 private final int _begin, _end, _step, _chunk;
 private final LoopInt _body;
 }
 
 /**
 * Fork-join task for parallel reduce.
 */
 private static class ReduceIntTask<V>
 extends RecursiveTask<V>
 {
 ReduceIntTask(int begin, int end, int step, int chunk, ReduceInt<V> body)
 {
 assert begin < end : "begin < end";
 _begin = begin;
 _end = end;
 _step = step;
 _chunk = chunk;
 _body = body;
 }
 
 @Override
 protected V compute()
 {
 if (_end <= _begin + _chunk * _step
 || getSurplusQueuedTaskCount() > NSQT) {
 V v = _body.compute(_begin);
 for (int i = _begin + _step; i < _end; i += _step) {
 V vi = _body.compute(i);
 v = _body.combine(v, vi);
 }
 return v;
 }
 else {
 int middle = middle(_begin, _end, _step);
 ReduceIntTask<V> l = new ReduceIntTask<V>(_begin, middle,
 _step, _chunk, _body);
 ReduceIntTask<V> r = (middle < _end) ? new ReduceIntTask<V>(
 middle, _end, _step, _chunk, _body) : null;
 if (r != null)
 r.fork();
 V v = l.compute();
 if (r != null)
 v = _body.combine(v, r.join());
 return v;
 }
 }
 
 private final int _begin, _end, _step, _chunk;
 private final ReduceInt<V> _body;
 }
 }

[SouthEast]: /images/20220528/14a8c721b2e04f1f8a9e27f90e268e63.png