Hashtable,HashMap,ConcurrentHashMap 底层实现原理与线程安全问题

电玩女神 2022-05-28 03:55 222阅读 0赞

[Hashtable,HashMap,ConcurrentHashMap 底层实现原理与线程安全问题][Hashtable_HashMap_ConcurrentHashMap]

# 术语定义 #

<table style="border-collapse:collapse; width:726px; margin:0px 0px 1em; font-family:&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Microsoft YaHei&quot;,SimHei,Arial,SimSun; padding:0px; border:0px; color:rgb(102,102,102); font-size:14px"> 
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   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> <span style="font-weight:700">术语</span></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> <span style="font-weight:700">英文</span></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> <span style="font-weight:700">解释</span></td> 
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   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> 哈希算法</td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> <span style="font-weight:700">hash algorithm</span></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> 是一种将任意内容的输入转换成相同长度输出的加密方式，其输出被称为哈希值。<span style="font-weight:700">&nbsp;</span></td> 
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   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> 哈希表</td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> <span style="font-weight:700">hash table</span></td> 
   <td style="border:1px solid rgb(204,204,204); font-size:14px; color:rgb(79,79,79); line-height:22px; padding:15px"> 根据设定的哈希函数H(key)和处理冲突方法将一组关键字映象到一个有限的地址区间上，并以关键字在地址区间中的象作为记录在表中的存储位置，这种表称为哈希表或散列，所得存储位置称为哈希地址或散列地址。</td> 
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# 线程不安全的HashMap #

因为多线程环境下，使用Hashmap进行put操作会引起死循环，导致CPU利用率接近100%，所以在并发情况下不能使用HashMap。  
  
如以下代码：

# 效率低下的HashTable容器 #

HashTable容器使用synchronized来保证线程安全，但在线程竞争激烈的情况下HashTable的效率非常低下。因为当一个线程访问HashTable的同步方法时，其他线程访问HashTable的同步方法时，可能会进入阻塞或轮询状态。如线程1使用put进行添加元素，线程2不但不能使用put方法添加元素，并且也不能使用get方法来获取元素，所以竞争越激烈效率越低。

# ConcurrentHashMap的锁分段技术 #

HashTable容器在竞争激烈的并发环境下表现出效率低下的原因，是因为所有访问HashTable的线程都必须竞争同一把锁，那假如容器里有多把锁，每一把锁用于锁容器其中一部分数据，那么当多线程访问容器里不同数据段的数据时，线程间就不会存在锁竞争，从而可以有效的提高并发访问效率，这就是ConcurrentHashMap所使用的锁分段技术，首先将数据分成一段一段的存储，然后给每一段数据配一把锁，当一个线程占用锁访问其中一个段数据的时候，其他段的数据也能被其他线程访问。

# ConcurrentHashMap的结构 #

我们通过ConcurrentHashMap的类图来分析ConcurrentHashMap的结构。  
[![ConcurrentHashMap类图][ConcurrentHashMap]][ConcurrentHashMap_ConcurrentHashMap]  
ConcurrentHashMap是由Segment数组结构和HashEntry数组结构组成。Segment是一种可重入锁ReentrantLock，在ConcurrentHashMap里扮演锁的角色，HashEntry则用于存储键值对数据。一个ConcurrentHashMap里包含一个Segment数组，Segment的结构和HashMap类似，是一种数组和链表结构， 一个Segment里包含一个HashEntry数组，每个HashEntry是一个链表结构的元素， 每个Segment守护者一个HashEntry数组里的元素,当对HashEntry数组的数据进行修改时，必须首先获得它对应的Segment锁。  
[![ConcurrentHashMap结构图][ConcurrentHashMap 1]][ConcurrentHashMap_ConcurrentHashMap 1]

# ConcurrentHashMap的初始化 #

ConcurrentHashMap初始化方法是通过initialCapacity，loadFactor, concurrencyLevel几个参数来初始化segments数组，段偏移量segmentShift，段掩码segmentMask和每个segment里的HashEntry数组。

初始化segments数组。让我们来看一下初始化segmentShift，segmentMask和segments数组的源代码。

由上面的代码可知segments数组的长度ssize通过concurrencyLevel计算得出。为了能通过按位与的哈希算法来定位segments数组的索引，必须保证segments数组的长度是2的N次方（power-of-two size），所以必须计算出一个是大于或等于concurrencyLevel的最小的2的N次方值来作为segments数组的长度。假如concurrencyLevel等于14，15或16，ssize都会等于16，即容器里锁的个数也是16。注意concurrencyLevel的最大大小是65535，意味着segments数组的长度最大为65536，对应的二进制是16位。

初始化segmentShift和segmentMask。这两个全局变量在定位segment时的哈希算法里需要使用，sshift等于ssize从1向左移位的次数，在默认情况下concurrencyLevel等于16，1需要向左移位移动4次，所以sshift等于4。segmentShift用于定位参与hash运算的位数，segmentShift等于32减sshift，所以等于28，这里之所以用32是因为ConcurrentHashMap里的hash()方法输出的最大数是32位的，后面的测试中我们可以看到这点。segmentMask是哈希运算的掩码，等于ssize减1，即15，掩码的二进制各个位的值都是1。因为ssize的最大长度是65536，所以segmentShift最大值是16，segmentMask最大值是65535，对应的二进制是16位，每个位都是1。

初始化每个Segment。输入参数initialCapacity是ConcurrentHashMap的初始化容量，loadfactor是每个segment的负载因子，在构造方法里需要通过这两个参数来初始化数组中的每个segment。

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</table>

上面代码中的变量cap就是segment里HashEntry数组的长度，它等于initialCapacity除以ssize的倍数c，如果c大于1，就会取大于等于c的2的N次方值，所以cap不是1，就是2的N次方。segment的容量threshold＝(int)cap\*loadFactor，默认情况下initialCapacity等于16，loadfactor等于0.75，通过运算cap等于1，threshold等于零。

## 定位Segment ##

既然ConcurrentHashMap使用分段锁Segment来保护不同段的数据，那么在插入和获取元素的时候，必须先通过哈希算法定位到Segment。可以看到ConcurrentHashMap会首先使用Wang/Jenkins hash的变种算法对元素的hashCode进行一次再哈希。

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再哈希，其目的是为了减少哈希冲突，使元素能够均匀的分布在不同的Segment上，从而提高容器的存取效率。假如哈希的质量差到极点，那么所有的元素都在一个Segment中，不仅存取元素缓慢，分段锁也会失去意义。我做了一个测试，不通过再哈希而直接执行哈希计算。

计算后输出的哈希值全是15，通过这个例子可以发现如果不进行再哈希，哈希冲突会非常严重，因为只要低位一样，无论高位是什么数，其哈希值总是一样。我们再把上面的二进制数据进行再哈希后结果如下，为了方便阅读，不足32位的高位补了0，每隔四位用竖线分割下。

可以发现每一位的数据都散列开了，通过这种再哈希能让数字的每一位都能参加到哈希运算当中，从而减少哈希冲突。ConcurrentHashMap通过以下哈希算法定位segment。

默认情况下segmentShift为28，segmentMask为15，再哈希后的数最大是32位二进制数据，向右无符号移动28位，意思是让高4位参与到hash运算中， (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask的运算结果分别是4，15，7和8，可以看到hash值没有发生冲突。

# ConcurrentHashMap的get操作 #

Segment的get操作实现非常简单和高效。先经过一次再哈希，然后使用这个哈希值通过哈希运算定位到segment，再通过哈希算法定位到元素，代码如下：

get操作的高效之处在于整个get过程不需要加锁，除非读到的值是空的才会加锁重读，我们知道HashTable容器的get方法是需要加锁的，那么ConcurrentHashMap的get操作是如何做到不加锁的呢？原因是它的get方法里将要使用的共享变量都定义成volatile，如用于统计当前Segement大小的count字段和用于存储值的HashEntry的value。定义成volatile的变量，能够在线程之间保持可见性，能够被多线程同时读，并且保证不会读到过期的值，但是只能被单线程写（有一种情况可以被多线程写，就是写入的值不依赖于原值），在get操作里只需要读不需要写共享变量count和value，所以可以不用加锁。之所以不会读到过期的值，是根据java内存模型的happen before原则，对volatile字段的写入操作先于读操作，即使两个线程同时修改和获取volatile变量，get操作也能拿到最新的值，这是用volatile替换锁的经典应用场景。

在定位元素的代码里我们可以发现定位HashEntry和定位Segment的哈希算法虽然一样，都与数组的长度减去一相与，但是相与的值不一样，定位Segment使用的是元素的hashcode通过再哈希后得到的值的高位，而定位HashEntry直接使用的是再哈希后的值。其目的是避免两次哈希后的值一样，导致元素虽然在Segment里散列开了，但是却没有在HashEntry里散列开。

ConcurrentHashMap的Put操作

由于put方法里需要对共享变量进行写入操作，所以为了线程安全，在操作共享变量时必须得加锁。Put方法首先定位到Segment，然后在Segment里进行插入操作。插入操作需要经历两个步骤，第一步判断是否需要对Segment里的HashEntry数组进行扩容，第二步定位添加元素的位置然后放在HashEntry数组里。

是否需要扩容。在插入元素前会先判断Segment里的HashEntry数组是否超过容量（threshold），如果超过阀值，数组进行扩容。值得一提的是，Segment的扩容判断比HashMap更恰当，因为HashMap是在插入元素后判断元素是否已经到达容量的，如果到达了就进行扩容，但是很有可能扩容之后没有新元素插入，这时HashMap就进行了一次无效的扩容。

如何扩容。扩容的时候首先会创建一个两倍于原容量的数组，然后将原数组里的元素进行再hash后插入到新的数组里。为了高效ConcurrentHashMap不会对整个容器进行扩容，而只对某个segment进行扩容。

# ConcurrentHashMap的size操作 #

如果我们要统计整个ConcurrentHashMap里元素的大小，就必须统计所有Segment里元素的大小后求和。Segment里的全局变量count是一个volatile变量，那么在多线程场景下，我们是不是直接把所有Segment的count相加就可以得到整个ConcurrentHashMap大小了呢？不是的，虽然相加时可以获取每个Segment的count的最新值，但是拿到之后可能累加前使用的count发生了变化，那么统计结果就不准了。所以最安全的做法，是在统计size的时候把所有Segment的put，remove和clean方法全部锁住，但是这种做法显然非常低效。

因为在累加count操作过程中，之前累加过的count发生变化的几率非常小，所以ConcurrentHashMap的做法是先尝试2次通过不锁住Segment的方式来统计各个Segment大小，如果统计的过程中，容器的count发生了变化，则再采用加锁的方式来统计所有Segment的大小。

那么ConcurrentHashMap是如何判断在统计的时候容器是否发生了变化呢？使用modCount变量，在put , remove和clean方法里操作元素前都会将变量modCount进行加1，那么在统计size前后比较modCount是否发生变化，从而得知容器的大小是否发生变化。

[Hashtable_HashMap_ConcurrentHashMap]: https://blog.csdn.net/qq_27093465/article/details/52279473
[ConcurrentHashMap]: http://ifeve.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ConcurrentHashMap%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BE.jpg
[ConcurrentHashMap_ConcurrentHashMap]: /images/20220528/e7202331b43b424c99879d02a353623f.png
[ConcurrentHashMap 1]: http://ifeve.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/ConcurrentHashMap%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%9B%BE.jpg
[ConcurrentHashMap_ConcurrentHashMap 1]: /images/20220528/dce24d74f5864e25a9d6c3699954d4f5.png