DJango - 项目创建

青旅半醒 2022-05-04 00:56 234阅读 0赞

# 项目创建 #

> 需要选定一个目录作为项目的主目录  
> 一个项目中可以拥有多个 apps

# 命令帮助 #

创建项目方法

django-admin help startproject
    usage: django-admin startproject [-h] [--version] [-v {0,1,2,3}]
                                     [--settings SETTINGS]
                                     [--pythonpath PYTHONPATH] [--traceback]
                                     [--no-color] [--template TEMPLATE]
                                     [--extension EXTENSIONS] [--name FILES]
                                     name [directory]
    
    Creates a Django project directory structure for the given project name in the current directory or optionally in the given directory.
    
    positional arguments:
      name                  Name of the application or project.
      directory             Optional destination directory
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --version             show program's version number and exit
      -v {0,1,2,3}, --verbosity {0,1,2,3}
                            Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output,
                            2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output
      --settings SETTINGS   The Python path to a settings module, e.g.
                            "myproject.settings.main". If this isn't provided, the
                            DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be
                            used.
      --pythonpath PYTHONPATH
                            A directory to add to the Python path, e.g.
                            "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".
      --traceback           Raise on CommandError exceptions
      --no-color            Don't colorize the command output.
      --template TEMPLATE   The path or URL to load the template from.
      --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
                            The file extension(s) to render (default: "py").
                            Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use -e
                            multiple times.
      --name FILES, -n FILES
                            The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple
                            extensions with commas, or use -n multiple times.

创建 apps 方法

django-admin help startapp
    usage: django-admin startapp [-h] [--version] [-v {0,1,2,3}]
                                 [--settings SETTINGS] [--pythonpath PYTHONPATH]
                                 [--traceback] [--no-color] [--template TEMPLATE]
                                 [--extension EXTENSIONS] [--name FILES]
                                 name [directory]
    
    Creates a Django app directory structure for the given app name in the current directory or optionally in the given directory.
    
    positional arguments:
      name                  Name of the application or project.
      directory             Optional destination directory
    
    optional arguments:
      -h, --help            show this help message and exit
      --version             show program's version number and exit
      -v {0,1,2,3}, --verbosity {0,1,2,3}
                            Verbosity level; 0=minimal output, 1=normal output,
                            2=verbose output, 3=very verbose output
      --settings SETTINGS   The Python path to a settings module, e.g.
                            "myproject.settings.main". If this isn't provided, the
                            DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE environment variable will be
                            used.
      --pythonpath PYTHONPATH
                            A directory to add to the Python path, e.g.
                            "/home/djangoprojects/myproject".
      --traceback           Raise on CommandError exceptions
      --no-color            Don't colorize the command output.
      --template TEMPLATE   The path or URL to load the template from.
      --extension EXTENSIONS, -e EXTENSIONS
                            The file extension(s) to render (default: "py").
                            Separate multiple extensions with commas, or use -e
                            multiple times.
      --name FILES, -n FILES
                            The file name(s) to render. Separate multiple
                            extensions with commas, or use -n multiple times.

# Example #

## 创建项目 ##

项目名称： demo

[root@nova-test-uxnpv ~]# mkdir /apps/dat/web/ -p
    [root@nova-test-uxnpv ~]# cd /apps/dat/web/
    [root@nova-test-uxnpv web]# django-admin startproject demo

### 目录结构介绍 ###

[root@nova-test-uxnpv web]# tree .
    .
    └── demo
        ├── demo
        │   ├── __init__.py
        │   ├── settings.py                    <- 项目配置文件
        │   ├── urls.py                        <-  URL 路由文件
        │   └── wsgi.py                        <- 网络通讯接口
        └── manage.py                          <- django 主管理程序

### allow host 设置 ###

修改 [settings.py][] 文件， 可以选择输入当前用于监听 IP 或者直接写 “\*”

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]

假如没有上述设定， 则启动项目后会出现下面错误

DisallowedHost at /
    
    Invalid HTTP_HOST header: 'x.x.x.x'. You may need to add u'x.x.x.x to ALLOWED_HOSTS.
    
    Request Method: 	GET
    Request URL: 	http://x.x.x.x/
    Django Version: 	1.11.16
    Exception Type: 	DisallowedHost
    Exception Value: 	
    
    Invalid HTTP_HOST header: 'x.x.x.x'. You may need to add u'x.x.x.x' to ALLOWED_HOSTS.
    
    Exception Location: 	/usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages/django/http/request.py in get_host, line 113

### 测试项目启动 ###

可以用下面方法可以启动项目用于测试

cd demo
    python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:80

可以看见有下面输出

Performing system checks...
    
    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
    
    You have 13 unapplied migration(s). Your project may not work properly until you apply the migrations for app(s): admin, auth, contenttypes, sessions.  (这里是跟数据库配置及同步相关，暂时不需要去解决他)
    Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.
    
    October 22, 2018 - 02:47:52
    Django version 1.11.16, using settings 'demo.settings'
    Starting development server at http://0.0.0.0:80/
    Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

利用 firefox 可以直接进行访问

http://x.x.x.x/

网页上可以看到下面字体

It worked!
    Congratulations on your first Django-powered page.
    
    Next, start your first app by running python manage.py startapp [app_label].
    
    You're seeing this message because you have DEBUG = True in your Django settings file and you haven't configured any URLs. Get to work!

## 项目 apps ##

> 习惯上, 一个项目可以有多个 apps  
> 我们的代码都会存放到 apps 目录下并以 py 文件结尾

### 创建一个apps ###

apps 命名：tiweb

python manage.py startapp tiweb

### 目录结构 ###

tiweb 目录下会生成很多 py 文件， 但目前我们暂时将不会用到这些 py 文件

├── db.sqlite3                         <- 废弃，sqlite 数据库文件（我们将会采用 Mariadb 作为默认数据库，后面介绍）
    ├── demo
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   ├── settings.py
    │   ├── urls.py
    │   └── wsgi.py
    ├── manage.py
    └── tiweb
        ├── admin.py
        ├── apps.py
        ├── __init__.py
        ├── migrations                     <- 数据库处理记录相关信息你的目录
        │   └── __init__.py
        ├── models.py                      <-  用于定义数据库表结构的 python 文件（以后介绍）
        ├── tests.py
        └── views.py                       <- 习惯上， DJango 会用这个文件作为入口文件(url映射到相应的业务处理逻辑）

配置 apps  
创建 apps 后， 需要对 [settings.py][] 进行修改， 添加新的 apps 定义  
vim demo/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'django.contrib.admin',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
        'tiweb',                                  <- 新增新的 apps 命名
    ]

## [setttings.py][] 设定 ##

1.  apps 设定

1.  allow host 设定（用于允许主机监听那些 IP 地址）

ALLOWED_HOSTS = ["*"]

1.  中文支持

LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-Hans'

1.  中国时区支持

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

1.  debug 支持

DEBUG = True

1.  静态文件位置定义 (习惯上我们会把 js , css, images\[jpg, png, gif\] 等文件作为静态文件处理）  
    当前以 /apps/dat/web/demo/static/ 目录作为静态文件根目录

STATIC_URL = '/static/'
    
    STATICFILES_DIRS = [
        os.path.join(BASE_DIR, "static"),
        '/static/',
    ]

1.  MySQL / MariaDB 数据库连接方法

DATABASES = {
            'default' : {
                    'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
                    'NAME': 'dbname',
                    'USER': 'username',
                    'PASSWORD': 'password,
                    'HOST': 'mysqlIPADDR',
                    'PORT': '3306',
            }
    }

1.  Template 定义  
    Template 用于存放一种动态加载数据的模板网页应用  
    当前以 /apps/dat/web/demo/template/目录存放 template file

TEMPLATES = [
        {
            'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
            'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'template')],
            'APP_DIRS': True,
            'OPTIONS': {
                'context_processors': [
                    'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                    'django.template.context_processors.request',
                    'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                    'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
                ],
            },
        },
    ]

[settings.py]: http://settings.py
[setttings.py]: http://setttings.py