软考英语学习

﹏ヽ暗。殇╰゛Y 2022-03-12 18:50 237阅读 0赞

每天一篇文章：

For nearly ten years, the Unified Modeling Language (UML) has been the industry standardfor visualizing, specifying, constructing, and documenting the （ **artifacts**） of a software-intensive system. As the （**de facto**） standard modeling language, the UML facilitates communication and reduces confusion among project （ **stakeholders**） The recent standardization of UML 2.0 has further extended the language's scope and viability. Its inherent expressiveness allows users to （ **model**） everything from enterprise information systems and distributed Web-based applications to real-time embedded systems.The UML is not limited to modeling software.In fact, it is expressive enough to model （ **non-software**） systems, such as workflow in the legal system, the structure and behavior of a patient healthcare system, software engineering in aircraft combat systems, and the designof hardware. To understand the UML, you need to form a conceptual model of the language, and this requires learning three major elements: the UML's basic building blocks, the rules that dictate how those building blocks may be put together, and some common mechanisms that apply throughout the UML.

译文：

近十年来，统一建模语言（UML）已经成为工业标准，它可用来可视化、规范化说明、构建以及文档化软件密集系统中的开发制品。作为事实上的工业标准，UML能够方便项目相关人员的沟通并减少理解上的二义问题。UML2.0标准扩宽了该语言的应用范围，它所具有的表达能力能够让用户对企业信息系统、分布式Web系统和嵌入式实时系统进行建模。

UML不仅能够对软件系统进行建模，实际上，它具有足够的能力去对法律系统中的工作流、病人监护系统中的结构和行为、飞行战斗系统和硬件系统进行建模。

为了理解UML，需要具备该语言的概念模型，这需要学习三个主要元素：UML的基本构造块，基本构造块的关系规则和应用这些构造块与规则的通用机制

陌生单词：

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>structure</td> 
   <td>英[ˈstrʌktʃə(r)]</td> 
   <td>美[ˈstrʌktʃɚ]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]The typical family *structure* of Freud's patients involved two parents and two *children*

弗洛伊德的病人的典型家庭结构是父母二人和两个孩子。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>[其他]</td> 
   <td>第三人称单数：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=SBAfo8x3ZwocVu2_dK9h79AS89txMSQ7uNI1-asjsQ5P2VRCdXpKcGeKZIOFaXazFfeeBVnYqp98iU1HiVWdmPLdke5EA1S_eIZoDKyu6BS" rel="nofollow">structures</a>&nbsp;复数：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=SBAfo8x3ZwocVu2_dK9h79AS89txMSQ7uNI1-asjsQ5P2VRCdXpKcGeKZIOFaXazFfeeBVnYqp98iU1HiVWdmPLdke5EA1S_eIZoDKyu6BS" rel="nofollow">structures</a>&nbsp;现在分词：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=GfOUUs2UfLs6oA6PABc9WIcxr9iqDjHvffXdoSJpzv2Wzz6sASf77hSHfV1V2SEn-Fb1twxy19lu7j7md2P3AJWReNE6gIr7bA4vHk6PrSS" rel="nofollow">structuring</a>过去式：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=SBAfo8x3ZwocVu2_dK9h79AS89txMSQ7uNI1-asjsQ5P2VRCdXpKcGeKZIOFaXazFfeeBVnYqp98iU1HiVWdmOOcCjYdqPutmVbUToG-jF7" rel="nofollow">structured</a>&nbsp;过去分词：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=SBAfo8x3ZwocVu2_dK9h79AS89txMSQ7uNI1-asjsQ5P2VRCdXpKcGeKZIOFaXazFfeeBVnYqp98iU1HiVWdmOOcCjYdqPutmVbUToG-jF7" rel="nofollow">structured</a></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>legal</td> 
   <td>英[ˈli:gl]</td> 
   <td>美[ˈliɡəl]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>n.</td> 
   <td>法定权利; 依法必须登报的声明;</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]He vowed to take *legal* *action.*

他誓言要采取法律行动。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>embedded</td> 
   <td>英[ɪm'bedɪd]</td> 
   <td>美[ɪm'bedɪd]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>v.</td> 
   <td>把…嵌入，埋入( embed的过去式和过去分词 );</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]This agreement will be *embedded* in a state treaty to be signed *soon.*

这份协议将被纳入即将签署的国家条约中。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>[其他]</td> 
   <td>原型：&nbsp;<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=Yc9bSe_lzZ9FK51CBBHLyymErZrOc4X-YtgzNgNf1u4YJxo6JbKIYmdvujHhOfDf-bi4iUyIEoIjifDKzV1xFEq8c71RUYQmLMa3WacydmS" rel="nofollow">embed</a></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>distributed</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>英[dɪs'trɪbju:tɪd]</td> 
   <td>美[dɪ'strɪbju:tɪd]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>v.</td> 
   <td>散发; 分配( distribute的过去式和过去分词); 分销; [常用被动语态]将…分类(into);</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]These cells are widely *distributed* throughout the *body*

这些细胞在人体内分布广泛。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>[其他]</td> 
   <td>原型：&nbsp;<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=oUHXh8fJfDZAA2xsLgyXwnctuj5ys1CarSzt1-K5d5yNC9PybJAJ9jkyIm2vRT5WlwOftCaYXfJvgwJpRIddx1BJeYrAKjoZsm8Hooi-aP7" rel="nofollow">distribute</a></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>inherent</td> 
   <td>英[ɪnˈhɪərənt]</td> 
   <td>美[ɪnˈhɪrənt]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]Stress is an *inherent* part of *dieting.*

节食必定会带来压力。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>further</td> 
   <td>英[ˈfɜ:ðə(r)]</td> 
   <td>美[ˈfɜ:rðə(r)]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>adj.</td> 
   <td>更多的; 更远的，较远的; 更进一步的，深一层的;</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]They lacked the scientific personnel to develop the technical apparatus much *further.*

他们缺少能够进一步研发这一技术装置的科研人员。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>[其他]</td> 
   <td>原型：&nbsp;<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=mYFemrK00gqFrPZmNH2kNsHTnXU48F6qPWnOa4MhlE_hl13MvLnEpbCLwQEXy7UhBx9aFffEKNtkDxV0PFPy5_El3MMSdVR0UKihu3dky33" rel="nofollow">far</a>&nbsp;第三人称单数：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=XLLWdBmv7PP-MP9syqeq3jvqRU0x9FubSQVLC5MiyfNVKHBP5dhVbvSC-OEoxKDUnAibJpdONEM7isw-PoAujrbxCL3Cd_knHHtJpRL2Q_q" rel="nofollow">furthers</a>&nbsp;现在分词：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=DqDc2pLxf76l6byXdgFb6EFvy14F2mZFqE59KfAde1HDxJN1QbdL5oyuuvKW5tVovDGlULIj3FghM1eCeYdYshNzKnCIDFBBL88nh3U8aXS" rel="nofollow">furthering</a>过去式：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=FnKVW2NHu29d7wK2ZVceQUi47bN-dGRuB4F4m0XaTRmOgr18zYQvue2n7NtebPnVBOkkHF9kmEKmQDXyqXAqZ6s7P0vE94MVkzjFdKjnIp3" rel="nofollow">furthered</a>&nbsp;过去分词：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=FnKVW2NHu29d7wK2ZVceQUi47bN-dGRuB4F4m0XaTRmOgr18zYQvue2n7NtebPnVBOkkHF9kmEKmQDXyqXAqZ6s7P0vE94MVkzjFdKjnIp3" rel="nofollow">furthered</a></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>conceptual</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>英[kənˈseptʃuəl]</td> 
   <td>美[kənˈsɛptʃuəl]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]The two systems are, at bottom, *conceptual* *models*

这两个系统实质上是两种概念模式

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>mechanisms</td> 
   <td>英['mekənɪzəmz]</td> 
   <td>美['mekənɪzəmz]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>n.</td> 
   <td>机械( mechanism的名词复数 ); 机械装置; [生物学] 机制; 机械作用;</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]UK employment law embodies arbitration and conciliation *mechanisms* for settling industrial *disputes.*

英国雇佣法包括解决劳资纠纷的仲裁和调解机制。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>[其他]</td> 
   <td> <p>原型：&nbsp;<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=JQ7ACBgiBR7GWGD6z6FLoyhMcoTMWqmSplgKSVuOtNd-yThTmweu-wIcc_yWiQo_QaATOFHJDArhcjiVjYbe-5UJ9pk-Zy2Cjw8NieE5-DC" rel="nofollow">mechanism</a></p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>dictate</td> 
   <td>英[dɪkˈteɪt]</td> 
   <td>美[ˈdɪkteɪt]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]Sheldon writes every day of the week, *dictating* his novels in the *morning*

谢尔登一周7天都要写作，每天早上口述小说让别人记录。

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>[其他]</td> 
   <td>第三人称单数：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=kMMZSrSE9Tv33QtjsqydUUtyqgt48ZbVML9JNGBAw3P2YwokK65mhgYogFaiDNkFIX8fBY8399AWr-WRSGU7VlLbzjfs5DeTxL67FPuL4NS" rel="nofollow">dictates</a>&nbsp;复数：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=kMMZSrSE9Tv33QtjsqydUUtyqgt48ZbVML9JNGBAw3P2YwokK65mhgYogFaiDNkFIX8fBY8399AWr-WRSGU7VlLbzjfs5DeTxL67FPuL4NS" rel="nofollow">dictates</a>&nbsp;现在分词：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=McyH8PM8GTWnAw1c0U2VS6NVX8IXggi8ePgrbCwLbBjPwmd_uHpZe0IQAazjknngQxJeXdRfolSm7Sdsa9XaMtj0umAHcRxvYAuqy4v4VH_" rel="nofollow">dictating</a>过去式：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=kMMZSrSE9Tv33QtjsqydUUtyqgt48ZbVML9JNGBAw3P2YwokK65mhgYogFaiDNkFIX8fBY8399AWr-WRSGU7Vc2yK8jcl3KK5YKiGNiQbcW" rel="nofollow">dictated</a>&nbsp;过去分词：<a href="http://www.baidu.com/link?url=kMMZSrSE9Tv33QtjsqydUUtyqgt48ZbVML9JNGBAw3P2YwokK65mhgYogFaiDNkFIX8fBY8399AWr-WRSGU7Vc2yK8jcl3KK5YKiGNiQbcW" rel="nofollow">dictated</a></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>throughout</td> 
   <td>英[θru:ˈaʊt]</td> 
   <td>美[θruˈaʊt]</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

<table> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>adv.</td> 
   <td>始终; 处处; 在所有方面;</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\[例句\]The national tragedy of rival groups killing each other continued *throughout* *1990*

敌对派别相互残杀的国家悲剧1990年全年都在上演。