有关与windows的一些资料以及链接（一）

秒速五厘米 2022-03-06 01:20 387阅读 0赞

# 编写PC操作系统的参考资料 #

## 编译器等工具 ##

**汇编语言：**

MASM 6.11，MASM 11（Windows）：[http://www.masm32.com/][http_www.masm32.com]

FASM（跨平台）：[http://flatassembler.net/][http_flatassembler.net]

NASM（跨平台）：[http://www.nasm.us/][http_www.nasm.us]

TASM：[http://turbo.brothersoft.com/turbo-assembler.html][http_turbo.brothersoft.com_turbo-assembler.html]

YASM：[http://yasm.tortall.net/][http_yasm.tortall.net]

**C语言：**

Visual Studio（Windows）

C-Free 5.0（Windows，包含MinGW）：[http://dl.vmall.com/c0dkzg38o7][http_dl.vmall.com_c0dkzg38o7]

GCC，G++（跨平台）：[http://gcc.gnu.org/][http_gcc.gnu.org]

GCC与FASM代码链接：[http://board.flatassembler.net/topic.php?t=5989][http_board.flatassembler.net_topic.php_t_5989]

GCC链接器LD脚本：[http://www.math.utah.edu/docs/info/ld\_3.html][http_www.math.utah.edu_docs_info_ld_3.html]

**反汇编与调试：**

IDA pro（Windows）

WinDBG（Windows，包含在驱动开发工具WDK中）：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/hardware/gg463009/][http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-US_windows_hardware_gg463009]

GDB（包含在GCC中）

DOS的Debug的命令：[http://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc722863.aspx][http_technet.microsoft.com_library_cc722863.aspx]

**代码编辑器：**

Notepad++（Windows）：[http://notepad-plus-plus.org/][http_notepad-plus-plus.org]

Emacs（Linux）：[http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/][http_www.gnu.org_software_emacs]

Vim（Linux）：[http://www.vim.org][http_www.vim.org]

汇编IDE：[http://www.oby.ro/rad\_asm/][http_www.oby.ro_rad_asm]

**二进制查看与修改：**

WinHex（Windows）

ghex/khex（Linux）：[http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Ghex][http_directory.fsf.org_wiki_Ghex]

Okteta：[http://utils.kde.org/projects/okteta/][http_utils.kde.org_projects_okteta]

Hexer：[http://www.the-interweb.com/serendipity/index.php?/categories/11-Hexer][http_www.the-interweb.com_serendipity_index.php_categories_11-Hexer]

**虚拟机：**

VMware Station：[http://www.vmware.com][http_www.vmware.com]

Oracle Virtual Box：[https://www.virtualbox.org/][https_www.virtualbox.org]

压缩解压缩与虚拟机磁盘文件查看：WinMount（Windows，中文版免费）：[http://cn.winmount.com/][http_cn.winmount.com]

Bochs（跨平台）：[http://sourceforge.net/projects/bochs/?source=directory][http_sourceforge.net_projects_bochs_source_directory]

Bochs的图形前端Peter-Bochs：[https://code.google.com/p/peter-bochs/][https_code.google.com_p_peter-bochs]

Xen：[http://xenproject.org/][http_xenproject.org]

## 总体 ##

于渊《自己动手写操作系统》：[http://dl.vmall.com/c0oltefkkm][http_dl.vmall.com_c0oltefkkm]

于渊《Orange’s一个操作系统的实现》

川合秀实 著，周自恒、李黎明、曾祥江、张文旭 译《30天自制操作系统》

Andrew S. Tanenbaum《现代操作系统》

Abraham Silberschatz, PeterBaer Galvin, Greg Gagne《操作系统概念》：[http://dl.vmall.com/c0ouk7h52g][http_dl.vmall.com_c0ouk7h52g]

OSDEV：[http://wiki.osdev.org/Main\_Page][http_wiki.osdev.org_Main_Page]

[http://www.osdever.net/tutorials/][http_www.osdever.net_tutorials]

[http://www.osdever.net/papers/][http_www.osdever.net_papers]

[https://wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main\_Page][https_wiki.kernel.org_index.php_Main_Page]

毛德操《漫谈兼容内核》：[http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/21633826.html][http_ishare.iask.sina.com.cn_f_21633826.html]

全FASM写成的软盘操作系统：[http://MenuetOS.net/][http_MenuetOS.net]

兼容POSIX的Dynacube OS：[http://www.dynacube.net/][http_www.dynacube.net]

ScorchOS：[http://sourceforge.net/projects/scorchos/][http_sourceforge.net_projects_scorchos]

MouseOS技术小站：[http://www.mouseos.com/index.html][http_www.mouseos.com_index.html]

国人写的Skelix OS：[http://skelix.net/skelixos/index\_zh.html][http_skelix.net_skelixos_index_zh.html]

[http://www.walshcomptech.com/ohlandl/index.htm][http_www.walshcomptech.com_ohlandl_index.htm]

Randal E. Bryant, David O'Hallaron《深入理解计算机系统》：[http://dl.vmall.com/c03ppaaacv][http_dl.vmall.com_c03ppaaacv]

POSIX.1-2008标准：[http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/][http_pubs.opengroup.org_onlinepubs_9699919799]

## 数据结构 ##

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/红黑树][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tree][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_B-tree]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%2B\_tree][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_B_2B_tree]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bx-tree][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bx-tree]

SGI STL 红黑树（Red-Black Tree）源代码分析：[http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26818262-id-3219065.html][http_blog.chinaunix.net_uid-26818262-id-3219065.html]

红黑树的插入与删除 详细整理资料：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d07e8e0216fc700abb68fc40.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_d07e8e0216fc700abb68fc40.html]

红黑树和B树：[http://www.eli.sdsu.edu/courses/fall95/cs660/notes/RedBlackTree/RedBlack.html][http_www.eli.sdsu.edu_courses_fall95_cs660_notes_RedBlackTree_RedBlack.html]

树堆：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treap][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Treap]

C++ STL：[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/标准模板库][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki 1]

## 算法 ##

**校验和：**

CRC32：[http://www.repairfaq.org/filipg/LINK/F\_crc\_v3.html][http_www.repairfaq.org_filipg_LINK_F_crc_v3.html]

探究CRC32算法实现原理：[http://blog.csdn.net/zhaodm/article/details/3711034][http_blog.csdn.net_zhaodm_article_details_3711034]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic\_redundancy\_check][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Cyclic_redundancy_check]

**哈希：**

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/MD5][http_zh.wikipedia.org_zh-cn_MD5]

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA家族][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_SHA]

**加密通讯：**

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA\_(algorithm)][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_RSA_algorithm]

## Linux参考 ##

Linux内核源代码下载：[https://www.kernel.org/][https_www.kernel.org]

Linux内核源代码：[https://github.com/torvalds/linux][https_github.com_torvalds_linux]

《Linux内核设计的艺术——图解Linux操作系统架构设计与实现原理》：[http://dl.vmall.com/c0tl4202j5][http_dl.vmall.com_c0tl4202j5]

深入分析Linux内核源码：[http://oss.org.cn/kernel-book/][http_oss.org.cn_kernel-book]

Linux i386 Boot Code HOWTO byFeiyun Wang：[http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO/index.html][http_www.tldp.org_HOWTO_Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO_index.html]

毛德操、胡希明《Linux内核源代码情景分析》

Linux C编程一站式学习：[http://learn.akae.cn/media/index.html][http_learn.akae.cn_media_index.html]

## BSD、Unix参考 ##

**FreeBSD：**

《FreeBSD操作系统设计与实现》：[http://dl.vmall.com/c0ad41bvan][http_dl.vmall.com_c0ad41bvan]

FreeBSD源代码：[http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/freebsd][http_www.oschina.net_code_explore_freebsd]

**NetBSD：**

NetBSD源代码：[http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/?only\_with\_tag=MAIN][http_cvsweb.netbsd.org_bsdweb.cgi_only_with_tag_MAIN]

**OpenBSD：**

[http://www.openbsd.org/][http_www.openbsd.org]

**Apple XNU**源代码：[http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/][http_www.opensource.apple.com_source_xnu]

## Microsoft的OS参考 ##

[http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/singularity/][http_research.microsoft.com_en-us_projects_singularity]

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/Singularity][http_zh.wikipedia.org_zh-cn_Singularity]

Windows Research Kernel：[http://www.microsoft.com/education/facultyconnection/articles/articledetails.aspx?cid=2416&c1=en-us&c2=0][http_www.microsoft.com_education_facultyconnection_articles_articledetails.aspx_cid_2416_c1_en-us_c2_0]

Vista及后续Windows引导启动过程：[http://homepage.ntlworld.com./jonathan.deboynepollard/FGA/windows-nt-6-boot-process.html][http_homepage.ntlworld.com._jonathan.deboynepollard_FGA_windows-nt-6-boot-process.html]

[http://www.starman.vertcomp.com/asm/mbr/W7MBR.htm][http_www.starman.vertcomp.com_asm_mbr_W7MBR.htm]

[http://www.starman.vertcomp.com/asm/mbr/W7VBR.htm][http_www.starman.vertcomp.com_asm_mbr_W7VBR.htm]

ReactOS：[http://www.reactos.org/][http_www.reactos.org]

毛德操《Windows内核情景分析：采用开源代码ReactOS》

潘爱民《Windows内核原理与实现》

《DOS原理与结构》：[http://dl.vmall.com/c010mlo8ay][http_dl.vmall.com_c010mlo8ay]

## CPU架构 ##

Intel 64（x64）和IA32（x86）架构： [http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html][http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_processors_architectures-software-developer-manuals.html]

[http://software.intel.com/en-us/node/183990?wapkw=cpuid+utility][http_software.intel.com_en-us_node_183990_wapkw_cpuid_utility]

[http://developer.amd.com/resources/documentation-articles/developer-guides-manuals/][http_developer.amd.com_resources_documentation-articles_developer-guides-manuals]

Universityof San Francisco - Intel EM64T and VT Extenions：[http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~cruse/cs686s07/][http_www.cs.usfca.edu_cruse_cs686s07]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpuid][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Cpuid]

MultiProcessor Specification(MP Spec), version 1.4:[http://www.intel.com/design/archives/processors/pro/docs/242016.htm][http_www.intel.com_design_archives_processors_pro_docs_242016.htm]

Bringing SMP to Your UPOperating System: [http://www.cheesecake.org/sac/smp.html][http_www.cheesecake.org_sac_smp.html]

关于多处理器初始化：[http://forum.osdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=11564][http_forum.osdev.org_viewtopic.php_t_11564]

x86-x64在线汇编器：[https://defuse.ca/online-x86-assembler.htm][https_defuse.ca_online-x86-assembler.htm]

x86Microsoft stdcall调用约定：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zxk0tw93.aspx][http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-us_library_zxk0tw93.aspx]

Microsoftx64调用约定：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms235286.aspx][http_msdn.microsoft.com_zh-cn_library_ms235286.aspx]

IntelItanium（安腾）架构：[http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/itanium/itanium-processor-software-specifications.html][http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_processors_itanium_itanium-processor-software-specifications.html]

ARM文档：[http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.subset.architecture.reference/index.html][http_infocenter.arm.com_help_index.jsp_topic_com.arm.doc.subset.architecture.reference_index.html]

ARM模拟器：[http://armulator.sourceforge.net/][http_armulator.sourceforge.net]

SPIM MIPS模拟器：[http://spimsimulator.sourceforge.net/][http_spimsimulator.sourceforge.net]

MARS MIPS模拟器：[http://courses.missouristate.edu/KenVollmar/MARS/][http_courses.missouristate.edu_KenVollmar_MARS]

MIPS架构：[http://www.imgtec.com/mips/architectures/][http_www.imgtec.com_mips_architectures]

MIPS寄存器：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms253512(v=vs.90).aspx][http_msdn.microsoft.com_zh-cn_library_ms253512_v_vs.90_.aspx]

AVR架构Atmel公司：[http://www.atmel.com][http_www.atmel.com]

AVR32架构手册：[http://www.atmel.com/zh/cn/Images/doc32000.pdf][http_www.atmel.com_zh_cn_Images_doc32000.pdf]

SPARC：[http://www.sparc.org/technical-documents-test-2/specifications/\#ARCH][http_www.sparc.org_technical-documents-test-2_specifications_ARCH]

## 进程和线程 ##

POSIX Threads Programming：[https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/][https_computing.llnl.gov_tutorials_pthreads]

## 多线程同步 ##

Linux的自旋锁：[http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-25871104-id-3052138.html][http_blog.chinaunix.net_uid-25871104-id-3052138.html]

Linux中的信号量和互斥量：[http://blog.csdn.net/lihenair/article/details/6597080][http_blog.csdn.net_lihenair_article_details_6597080]

## BIOS中断 ##

Ralf Brown实模式中断：[http://www.ctyme.com/intr/int.htm][http_www.ctyme.com_intr_int.htm]

16色模式颜色对应：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS\_color\_attributes][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_BIOS_color_attributes]

BIOS视频、键盘、磁盘中断：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/61ed6c175f0e7cd1842536f9.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_61ed6c175f0e7cd1842536f9.html]

Trusted Computing Group PCClient Implementation for Conventional BIOS：[http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/pc\_client\_work\_group\_specific\_implementation\_specification\_for\_conventional\_bios\_specification\_version\_12][http_www.trustedcomputinggroup.org_resources_pc_client_work_group_specific_implementation_specification_for_conventional_bios_specification_version_12]

## EFI/UEFI ##

UEFI官网：[http://www.uefi.org][http_www.uefi.org]

Intel关于EFI和UEFI的文档：[http://www.intel.cn/content/www/cn/zh/architecture-and-technology/unified-extensible-firmware-interface/efi-homepage-general-technology.html][http_www.intel.cn_content_www_cn_zh_architecture-and-technology_unified-extensible-firmware-interface_efi-homepage-general-technology.html]

MSDN中关于UEFI固件的文档：[http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh824898.aspx][http_technet.microsoft.com_en-us_library_hh824898.aspx]

BIOS人论坛UEFI学习讨论区：[http://www.biosren.com/forum-19-1.html][http_www.biosren.com_forum-19-1.html]

《Beyond BIOS: Developing with the Unified Extensible FirmwareInterface》

System Management BIOS：[http://www.dmtf.org/standards/smbios][http_www.dmtf.org_standards_smbios]

Trusted Computing Group EFIPlatform Specification：[http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/tcg\_efi\_platform\_specification][http_www.trustedcomputinggroup.org_resources_tcg_efi_platform_specification]

Trusted Computing Group EFIProtocol Specification：[http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/tcg\_efi\_protocol\_specification][http_www.trustedcomputinggroup.org_resources_tcg_efi_protocol_specification]

## IO ##

端口：[http://www.stanislavs.org/helppc/ports.html][http_www.stanislavs.org_helppc_ports.html]

8259AProgrammable Interrupt Controller：[http://www.brokenthorn.com/Resources/OSDevPic.html][http_www.brokenthorn.com_Resources_OSDevPic.html]

Intel 82093AAIO APIC Datasheet：[http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts/290566.htm][http_www.intel.com_design_chipsets_datashts_290566.htm]

PCI官方组织PCI-SIG：[http://www.pcisig.com/][http_www.pcisig.com]

PCI规范2.2：[http://www.ics.uci.edu/~harris/ics216/pci/PCI\_22.pdf][http_www.ics.uci.edu_harris_ics216_pci_PCI_22.pdf]

PCI database：[http://www.pcidatabase.com][http_www.pcidatabase.com]

Intel X58Express Chipset Datasheet北桥手册：[http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/x58-express-chipset-datasheet.html][http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_chipsets_x58-express-chipset-datasheet.html]

Intel I/OController Hub 10 (ICH 10) Family Datasheet南桥手册：[http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/io-controller-hub-10-family-datasheet.html][http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_io_io-controller-hub-10-family-datasheet.html]

西安交通大学微机原理与接口技术：[http://mcit.xjtu.edu.cn/wlkj/new\_page\_main.htm][http_mcit.xjtu.edu.cn_wlkj_new_page_main.htm]

中山大学微机原理与接口技术：[http://sist.sysu.edu.cn/wjyl/index.html][http_sist.sysu.edu.cn_wjyl_index.html]

8042键盘控制器：[http://stanislavs.org/helppc/8042.html][http_stanislavs.org_helppc_8042.html]

键盘扫描码：[http://www.mouseos.com/os/doc/scan\_code.html][http_www.mouseos.com_os_doc_scan_code.html]

[http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/kbd/scancodes.html][http_www.win.tue.nl_aeb_linux_kbd_scancodes.html]

MicrosoftWindows Keyboard Scan Code Specification：[http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/scancode.doc][http_download.microsoft.com_download_1_6_1_161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c_scancode.doc]

Intel 8253PIT：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel\_8253][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Intel_8253]

8254Programmable Interrupt Timer：[http://ftp.utcluj.ro/pub/users/calceng/PMP/231164.pdf][http_ftp.utcluj.ro_pub_users_calceng_PMP_231164.pdf]

提供多媒体计时器支持的指南（关于高精度计时器HPET）：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows/hardware/gg463347.aspx][http_msdn.microsoft.com_zh-cn_windows_hardware_gg463347.aspx]

高级配置与电源接口ACPI：[http://www.acpi.info/][http_www.acpi.info]

ACPI规范5：[http://www.acpi.info/spec50.htm][http_www.acpi.info_spec50.htm]

USB：[http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/][http_www.usb.org_developers_docs]

## 保护模式中断 ##

PIC：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel\_8259][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Intel_8259]

APIC：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced\_Programmable\_Interrupt\_Controller][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller]

IA32中断研究：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d3ada6dd5022aaea998f0f1b.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_d3ada6dd5022aaea998f0f1b.html]

Linux内核中断内幕：[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-linuxkernelint/index.html][http_www.ibm.com_developerworks_cn_linux_l-cn-linuxkernelint_index.html]

Linux的中断：[http://www.biosren.com/viewthread.php?tid=391][http_www.biosren.com_viewthread.php_tid_391]

调用门、中断门和陷阱门的区别：[http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3425085/the-difference-between-call-gate-interrupt-gate-trap-gate][http_stackoverflow.com_questions_3425085_the-difference-between-call-gate-interrupt-gate-trap-gate]

不可屏蔽中断：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable\_interrupt][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Non-maskable_interrupt]

The x86 NMI iret problem：[http://lwn.net/Articles/484932/][http_lwn.net_Articles_484932]

## 磁盘 ##

主引导记录（MBR）数据结构：[http://blog.csdn.net/firas/article/details/8665366][http_blog.csdn.net_firas_article_details_8665366]  
FAT、NTFS卷引导记录数据结构：[http://blog.csdn.net/firas/article/details/8787506][http_blog.csdn.net_firas_article_details_8787506]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master\_boot\_record][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Master_boot_record]

硬盘知识大概：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/c17688c7bb4cf7ec4afed04d.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_c17688c7bb4cf7ec4afed04d.html]

关于ATA：[http://www.ata-atapi.com/][http_www.ata-atapi.com]

负责ATA/ATAPI的技术委员会T13官方网站：[http://www.t13.org/][http_www.t13.org]

SATA官方网站：[http://www.sata-io.org/][http_www.sata-io.org]

负责SCSI的技术委员会T10官方网站：[http://www.t10.org/][http_www.t10.org]

ATA/ATAPI 8命令集草稿：[http://www.t13.org/documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2007/D1699r4a-ATA8-ACS.pdf][http_www.t13.org_documents_UploadedDocuments_docs2007_D1699r4a-ATA8-ACS.pdf]

[http://www.t13.org/documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2011/d2015r7-ATAATAPI\_Command\_Set\_-\_2\_ACS-2.pdf][http_www.t13.org_documents_UploadedDocuments_docs2011_d2015r7-ATAATAPI_Command_Set_-_2_ACS-2.pdf]

[http://www.t13.org/Documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2013/d2161r5-ATAATAPI\_Command\_Set\_-\_3.pdf][http_www.t13.org_Documents_UploadedDocuments_docs2013_d2161r5-ATAATAPI_Command_Set_-_3.pdf]

SATA规范3.2草稿：[http://www.knowledgetek.com/graphicsNew/SerialATA\_Revision\_3\_2\_Gold(with%20Links).pdf][http_www.knowledgetek.com_graphicsNew_SerialATA_Revision_3_2_Gold_with_20Links_.pdf]

SATA规范3.0草稿：[http://www.lttconn.com/res/lttconn/pdres/201005/20100521170123066.pdf][http_www.lttconn.com_res_lttconn_pdres_201005_20100521170123066.pdf]

SATA的AHCI接口规范：[http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/serial-ata/ahci.html][http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_io_serial-ata_ahci.html]

关于保护模式读写磁盘：[http://bbs.pediy.com/showthread.php?t=171927][http_bbs.pediy.com_showthread.php_t_171927]

使用DMA读写硬盘：[http://occh.net/wordpress/?p=324][http_occh.net_wordpress_p_324]

## 内存管理 ##

What every programmer shouldknow about memory: [http://lwn.net/Articles/250967/][http_lwn.net_Articles_250967]

吴晓勇，曾家智。操作系统内核中动态内存分配机制的研究。成都信息工程学院学报，第20卷第1期，2005年2月：27~30

徐蓉。实时系统的内存管理技术研究与实现。电子科技大学硕士学位论文，2004年

谢长生，刘志斌。Linux 2.6内存管理研究。计算机应用研究，2005年：58~60

沈勇，王志平，庞丽萍。对伙伴算法内存管理的讨论。计算机与数字工程，第32卷：40~43

伙伴算法：[http://blog.csdn.net/orange\_os/article/details/7392986][http_blog.csdn.net_orange_os_article_details_7392986]

胡兆阳，谢余强，舒辉。Windows下堆内存管理机制研究。计算机工程与应用，2005.17：59~61

Mengxiao Liu, Weixing Ji, ZuoWang, Jiaxin Li, Xing Pu. “High Performance Memory Management for A Multi-coreArchitecture”. IEEE Ninth International Conference on Computer and InformationTechnology. 2009. pp. 63-68.

## 页面置换 ##

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page\_replacement\_algorithm][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Page_replacement_algorithm]

## 文件系统 ##

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_FAT]

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/NTFS][http_zh.wikipedia.org_zh-cn_NTFS]

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_ReiserFS]

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_XFS]

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_ZFS]

各种文件系统的比较：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison\_of\_file\_systems][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Comparison_of_file_systems]

MSWIN4.1OS Boot Record：[http://thestarman.pcministry.com/asm/mbr/MSWIN41.htm][http_thestarman.pcministry.com_asm_mbr_MSWIN41.htm]

Boot Record of FAT：[http://home.freeuk.net/foxy2k/disk/disk3.htm][http_home.freeuk.net_foxy2k_disk_disk3.htm]

FAT32：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/add07dfc910ef12d2af9e751.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_add07dfc910ef12d2af9e751.html]

超通俗FAT32：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2fb140590c69ec3d5bb7543.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_e2fb140590c69ec3d5bb7543.html]

NTFS File System Overview：[http://www.c-jump.com/bcc/t256t/Week04NtfsReview/index.html][http_www.c-jump.com_bcc_t256t_Week04NtfsReview_index.html]

The New Technology FileSystem：[http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-84628-732-9\_6.pdf][http_link.springer.com_content_pdf_10.1007_978-1-84628-732-9_6.pdf]

NTFS：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a467b175f0e7cd184253652.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_0a467b175f0e7cd184253652.html]

NTFS文件系统：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d26bec1ca76e58fafab00390.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_d26bec1ca76e58fafab00390.html]

Master File Record（主文件记录）：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb470206(v=vs.85).aspx][http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-us_library_bb470206_v_vs.85_.aspx]

Inside Win2K NTFS, Part 1: [http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms995846.aspx][http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-us_library_ms995846.aspx]

Inside Win2K NTFS, Part 2: [http://windowsitpro.com/systems-management/inside-win2k-ntfs-part-2][http_windowsitpro.com_systems-management_inside-win2k-ntfs-part-2]

Ext3/4磁盘布局：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/db827320192e45361066f5ad.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_db827320192e45361066f5ad.html]

Ext2和Ext3文件系统：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/72b04d7302768e9951e738b8.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_72b04d7302768e9951e738b8.html]

CDFS（ISO 9660）：[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO\_9660][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_ISO_9660]

通用光盘格式（UDF）：[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/通用光盘格式][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki 2]

## 可执行文件格式 ##

ELF文件格式：[http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/gabi41.pdf][http_www.sco.com_developers_devspecs_gabi41.pdf]

ELF-64文件格式：[http://downloads.openwatcom.org/ftp/devel/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf][http_downloads.openwatcom.org_ftp_devel_docs_elf-64-gen.pdf]

PE文件格式：[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/gg463125][http_msdn.microsoft.com_library_windows_hardware_gg463125]

PE文件格式详解：[http://www.vckbase.com/index.php/wv/1057][http_www.vckbase.com_index.php_wv_1057]  
[http://www.vckbase.com/index.php/wv/1058][http_www.vckbase.com_index.php_wv_1058]

map文件介绍及使用查错：[http://blog.csdn.net/mark\_chan/article/details/5104952][http_blog.csdn.net_mark_chan_article_details_5104952]

BSS段：[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_.bss]

## 显示与显卡 ##

VESA BIOS Extension（VBE） 3.0标准：[http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/tutorials/tuts/vbe3.pdf][http_www.petesqbsite.com_sections_tutorials_tuts_vbe3.pdf]

最新VESA显示器时序标准（DMT\_v1.0\_r12p）：[http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e4ac87956bec0975f465e2ea.html][http_wenku.baidu.com_view_e4ac87956bec0975f465e2ea.html]

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA\_BIOS\_Extensions][http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_VESA_BIOS_Extensions]

[http://jelleybee.com/projects/software/pc\_asm/int\_10h/INT\_10h\_4Fxx\_VESA.txt][http_jelleybee.com_projects_software_pc_asm_int_10h_INT_10h_4Fxx_VESA.txt]

[http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs140/projects/pintos/specs/freevga/vga/crtcreg.htm][http_www.stanford.edu_class_cs140_projects_pintos_specs_freevga_vga_crtcreg.htm]

[http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs140/projects/pintos/specs/freevga/vga/vga.htm][http_www.stanford.edu_class_cs140_projects_pintos_specs_freevga_vga_vga.htm]

在保护模式中显示文字（需有C语言库）：[http://blog.csdn.net/guzhou\_diaoke/article/details/8459541][http_blog.csdn.net_guzhou_diaoke_article_details_8459541]

GPU：

[http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda\_home\_new.html][http_www.nvidia.com_object_cuda_home_new.html]

[http://developer.amd.com/resources/heterogeneous-computing/opencl-zone/][http_developer.amd.com_resources_heterogeneous-computing_opencl-zone]

[http://gpgpu.org/][http_gpgpu.org]

## 图形界面 ##

X.org：[http://www.x.org/wiki/][http_www.x.org_wiki]

GNOME：[http://www.gnome.org/][http_www.gnome.org]

GNOME源码：[http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/gnome-2.91.3][http_www.oschina.net_code_explore_gnome-2.91.3]

KDE：[http://www.kde.org/][http_www.kde.org]

KDE源码：[http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/kde-4.5.4][http_www.oschina.net_code_explore_kde-4.5.4]

Xfce：[http://www.xfce.org][http_www.xfce.org]

谢煜波《做一个支持图形界面的操作系统》

Unicode编码：[http://www.unicode.org][http_www.unicode.org]

International Components forUnicode：[http://site.icu-project.org/home][http_site.icu-project.org_home]

**字体**

龚兵、张凤凌《True Type字体应用技术》五邑大学学报（自然科学版）1998年第12卷第1期第46~50页

史磊、吕强《True Type字形描述技术和TTF文件》中文信息产业化1995年第五期第54~59页

王瑜、黄源、张福炎《Windows中TrueType字形数据的存取技术》小型微型计算机系统1997年11月第18卷第11期

**输入法**

Fcitx输入法框架：[https://fcitx-im.org/wiki/Fcitx][https_fcitx-im.org_wiki_Fcitx]

赵杨《XIM协议的原理及其实现》：[http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/i18n/xim/xim-2/index.html][http_www.ibm.com_developerworks_cn_linux_i18n_xim_xim-2_index.html]

吴海辉《笔画码汉字输入法软件设计与实现》安徽大学硕士学位论文

**图片文件格式**

[http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP][http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_BMP]

BMP文件格式详解：[http://blog.csdn.net/o\_sun\_o/article/details/8351037][http_blog.csdn.net_o_sun_o_article_details_8351037]

JPEG文件编码解码详解：[http://blog.csdn.net/lpt19832003/article/details/1713718][http_blog.csdn.net_lpt19832003_article_details_1713718]

PNG文件格式详解：[http://blog.csdn.net/bisword/article/details/2777121][http_blog.csdn.net_bisword_article_details_2777121]

[http_www.masm32.com]: http://www.masm32.com/
[http_flatassembler.net]: http://flatassembler.net/
[http_www.nasm.us]: http://www.nasm.us/
[http_turbo.brothersoft.com_turbo-assembler.html]: http://turbo.brothersoft.com/turbo-assembler.html
[http_yasm.tortall.net]: http://yasm.tortall.net/
[http_dl.vmall.com_c0dkzg38o7]: http://dl.vmall.com/c0dkzg38o7
[http_gcc.gnu.org]: http://gcc.gnu.org/
[http_board.flatassembler.net_topic.php_t_5989]: http://board.flatassembler.net/topic.php?t=5989
[http_www.math.utah.edu_docs_info_ld_3.html]: http://www.math.utah.edu/docs/info/ld_3.html
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-US_windows_hardware_gg463009]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-US/windows/hardware/gg463009/
[http_technet.microsoft.com_library_cc722863.aspx]: http://technet.microsoft.com/library/cc722863.aspx
[http_notepad-plus-plus.org]: http://notepad-plus-plus.org/
[http_www.gnu.org_software_emacs]: http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
[http_www.vim.org]: http://www.vim.org/
[http_www.oby.ro_rad_asm]: http://www.oby.ro/rad_asm/
[http_directory.fsf.org_wiki_Ghex]: http://directory.fsf.org/wiki/Ghex
[http_utils.kde.org_projects_okteta]: http://utils.kde.org/projects/okteta/
[http_www.the-interweb.com_serendipity_index.php_categories_11-Hexer]: http://www.the-interweb.com/serendipity/index.php?/categories/11-Hexer
[http_www.vmware.com]: http://www.vmware.com/
[https_www.virtualbox.org]: https://www.virtualbox.org/
[http_cn.winmount.com]: http://cn.winmount.com/
[http_sourceforge.net_projects_bochs_source_directory]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/bochs/?source=directory
[https_code.google.com_p_peter-bochs]: https://code.google.com/p/peter-bochs/
[http_xenproject.org]: http://xenproject.org/
[http_dl.vmall.com_c0oltefkkm]: http://dl.vmall.com/c0oltefkkm
[http_dl.vmall.com_c0ouk7h52g]: http://dl.vmall.com/c0ouk7h52g
[http_wiki.osdev.org_Main_Page]: http://wiki.osdev.org/Main_Page
[http_www.osdever.net_tutorials]: http://www.osdever.net/tutorials/
[http_www.osdever.net_papers]: http://www.osdever.net/papers/
[https_wiki.kernel.org_index.php_Main_Page]: https://wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
[http_ishare.iask.sina.com.cn_f_21633826.html]: http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/21633826.html
[http_MenuetOS.net]: http://menuetos.net/
[http_www.dynacube.net]: http://www.dynacube.net/
[http_sourceforge.net_projects_scorchos]: http://sourceforge.net/projects/scorchos/
[http_www.mouseos.com_index.html]: http://www.mouseos.com/index.html
[http_skelix.net_skelixos_index_zh.html]: http://skelix.net/skelixos/index_zh.html
[http_www.walshcomptech.com_ohlandl_index.htm]: http://www.walshcomptech.com/ohlandl/index.htm
[http_dl.vmall.com_c03ppaaacv]: http://dl.vmall.com/c03ppaaacv
[http_pubs.opengroup.org_onlinepubs_9699919799]: http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%91
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_B-tree]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-tree
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_B_2B_tree]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%2B_tree
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Bx-tree]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bx-tree
[http_blog.chinaunix.net_uid-26818262-id-3219065.html]: http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26818262-id-3219065.html
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_d07e8e0216fc700abb68fc40.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d07e8e0216fc700abb68fc40.html
[http_www.eli.sdsu.edu_courses_fall95_cs660_notes_RedBlackTree_RedBlack.html]: http://www.eli.sdsu.edu/courses/fall95/cs660/notes/RedBlackTree/RedBlack.html
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Treap]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treap
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki 1]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E5%BA%93
[http_www.repairfaq.org_filipg_LINK_F_crc_v3.html]: http://www.repairfaq.org/filipg/LINK/F_crc_v3.html
[http_blog.csdn.net_zhaodm_article_details_3711034]: http://blog.csdn.net/zhaodm/article/details/3711034
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Cyclic_redundancy_check]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_zh-cn_MD5]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/MD5
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_SHA]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_RSA_algorithm]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_%28algorithm%29
[https_www.kernel.org]: https://www.kernel.org/
[https_github.com_torvalds_linux]: https://github.com/torvalds/linux
[http_dl.vmall.com_c0tl4202j5]: http://dl.vmall.com/c0tl4202j5
[http_oss.org.cn_kernel-book]: http://oss.org.cn/kernel-book/
[http_www.tldp.org_HOWTO_Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO_index.html]: http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Linux-i386-Boot-Code-HOWTO/index.html
[http_learn.akae.cn_media_index.html]: http://learn.akae.cn/media/index.html
[http_dl.vmall.com_c0ad41bvan]: http://dl.vmall.com/c0ad41bvan
[http_www.oschina.net_code_explore_freebsd]: http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/freebsd
[http_cvsweb.netbsd.org_bsdweb.cgi_only_with_tag_MAIN]: http://cvsweb.netbsd.org/bsdweb.cgi/?only_with_tag=MAIN
[http_www.openbsd.org]: http://www.openbsd.org/
[http_www.opensource.apple.com_source_xnu]: http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/xnu/
[http_research.microsoft.com_en-us_projects_singularity]: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/singularity/
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_zh-cn_Singularity]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/Singularity
[http_www.microsoft.com_education_facultyconnection_articles_articledetails.aspx_cid_2416_c1_en-us_c2_0]: http://www.microsoft.com/education/facultyconnection/articles/articledetails.aspx?cid=2416&c1=en-us&c2=0
[http_homepage.ntlworld.com._jonathan.deboynepollard_FGA_windows-nt-6-boot-process.html]: http://homepage.ntlworld.com./jonathan.deboynepollard/FGA/windows-nt-6-boot-process.html
[http_www.starman.vertcomp.com_asm_mbr_W7MBR.htm]: http://www.starman.vertcomp.com/asm/mbr/W7MBR.htm
[http_www.starman.vertcomp.com_asm_mbr_W7VBR.htm]: http://www.starman.vertcomp.com/asm/mbr/W7VBR.htm
[http_www.reactos.org]: http://www.reactos.org/
[http_dl.vmall.com_c010mlo8ay]: http://dl.vmall.com/c010mlo8ay
[http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_processors_architectures-software-developer-manuals.html]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/architectures-software-developer-manuals.html
[http_software.intel.com_en-us_node_183990_wapkw_cpuid_utility]: http://software.intel.com/en-us/node/183990?wapkw=cpuid+utility
[http_developer.amd.com_resources_documentation-articles_developer-guides-manuals]: http://developer.amd.com/resources/documentation-articles/developer-guides-manuals/
[http_www.cs.usfca.edu_cruse_cs686s07]: http://www.cs.usfca.edu/~cruse/cs686s07/
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Cpuid]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cpuid
[http_www.intel.com_design_archives_processors_pro_docs_242016.htm]: http://www.intel.com/design/archives/processors/pro/docs/242016.htm
[http_www.cheesecake.org_sac_smp.html]: http://www.cheesecake.org/sac/smp.html
[http_forum.osdev.org_viewtopic.php_t_11564]: http://forum.osdev.org/viewtopic.php?t=11564
[https_defuse.ca_online-x86-assembler.htm]: https://defuse.ca/online-x86-assembler.htm
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-us_library_zxk0tw93.aspx]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zxk0tw93.aspx
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_zh-cn_library_ms235286.aspx]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms235286.aspx
[http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_processors_itanium_itanium-processor-software-specifications.html]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/processors/itanium/itanium-processor-software-specifications.html
[http_infocenter.arm.com_help_index.jsp_topic_com.arm.doc.subset.architecture.reference_index.html]: http://infocenter.arm.com/help/index.jsp?topic=/com.arm.doc.subset.architecture.reference/index.html
[http_armulator.sourceforge.net]: http://armulator.sourceforge.net/
[http_spimsimulator.sourceforge.net]: http://spimsimulator.sourceforge.net/
[http_courses.missouristate.edu_KenVollmar_MARS]: http://courses.missouristate.edu/KenVollmar/MARS/
[http_www.imgtec.com_mips_architectures]: http://www.imgtec.com/mips/architectures/
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_zh-cn_library_ms253512_v_vs.90_.aspx]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/library/ms253512%28v=vs.90%29.aspx
[http_www.atmel.com]: http://www.atmel.com/
[http_www.atmel.com_zh_cn_Images_doc32000.pdf]: http://www.atmel.com/zh/cn/Images/doc32000.pdf
[http_www.sparc.org_technical-documents-test-2_specifications_ARCH]: http://www.sparc.org/technical-documents-test-2/specifications/#ARCH
[https_computing.llnl.gov_tutorials_pthreads]: https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/
[http_blog.chinaunix.net_uid-25871104-id-3052138.html]: http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-25871104-id-3052138.html
[http_blog.csdn.net_lihenair_article_details_6597080]: http://blog.csdn.net/lihenair/article/details/6597080
[http_www.ctyme.com_intr_int.htm]: http://www.ctyme.com/intr/int.htm
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_BIOS_color_attributes]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS_color_attributes
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_61ed6c175f0e7cd1842536f9.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/61ed6c175f0e7cd1842536f9.html
[http_www.trustedcomputinggroup.org_resources_pc_client_work_group_specific_implementation_specification_for_conventional_bios_specification_version_12]: http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/pc_client_work_group_specific_implementation_specification_for_conventional_bios_specification_version_12
[http_www.uefi.org]: http://www.uefi.org/
[http_www.intel.cn_content_www_cn_zh_architecture-and-technology_unified-extensible-firmware-interface_efi-homepage-general-technology.html]: http://www.intel.cn/content/www/cn/zh/architecture-and-technology/unified-extensible-firmware-interface/efi-homepage-general-technology.html
[http_technet.microsoft.com_en-us_library_hh824898.aspx]: http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/hh824898.aspx
[http_www.biosren.com_forum-19-1.html]: http://www.biosren.com/forum-19-1.html
[http_www.dmtf.org_standards_smbios]: http://www.dmtf.org/standards/smbios
[http_www.trustedcomputinggroup.org_resources_tcg_efi_platform_specification]: http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/tcg_efi_platform_specification
[http_www.trustedcomputinggroup.org_resources_tcg_efi_protocol_specification]: http://www.trustedcomputinggroup.org/resources/tcg_efi_protocol_specification
[http_www.stanislavs.org_helppc_ports.html]: http://www.stanislavs.org/helppc/ports.html
[http_www.brokenthorn.com_Resources_OSDevPic.html]: http://www.brokenthorn.com/Resources/OSDevPic.html
[http_www.intel.com_design_chipsets_datashts_290566.htm]: http://www.intel.com/design/chipsets/datashts/290566.htm
[http_www.pcisig.com]: http://www.pcisig.com/
[http_www.ics.uci.edu_harris_ics216_pci_PCI_22.pdf]: http://www.ics.uci.edu/~harris/ics216/pci/PCI_22.pdf
[http_www.pcidatabase.com]: http://www.pcidatabase.com/
[http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_chipsets_x58-express-chipset-datasheet.html]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/chipsets/x58-express-chipset-datasheet.html
[http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_io_io-controller-hub-10-family-datasheet.html]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/io-controller-hub-10-family-datasheet.html
[http_mcit.xjtu.edu.cn_wlkj_new_page_main.htm]: http://mcit.xjtu.edu.cn/wlkj/new_page_main.htm
[http_sist.sysu.edu.cn_wjyl_index.html]: http://sist.sysu.edu.cn/wjyl/index.html
[http_stanislavs.org_helppc_8042.html]: http://stanislavs.org/helppc/8042.html
[http_www.mouseos.com_os_doc_scan_code.html]: http://www.mouseos.com/os/doc/scan_code.html
[http_www.win.tue.nl_aeb_linux_kbd_scancodes.html]: http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/kbd/scancodes.html
[http_download.microsoft.com_download_1_6_1_161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c_scancode.doc]: http://download.microsoft.com/download/1/6/1/161ba512-40e2-4cc9-843a-923143f3456c/scancode.doc
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Intel_8253]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8253
[http_ftp.utcluj.ro_pub_users_calceng_PMP_231164.pdf]: http://ftp.utcluj.ro/pub/users/calceng/PMP/231164.pdf
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_zh-cn_windows_hardware_gg463347.aspx]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows/hardware/gg463347.aspx
[http_www.acpi.info]: http://www.acpi.info/
[http_www.acpi.info_spec50.htm]: http://www.acpi.info/spec50.htm
[http_www.usb.org_developers_docs]: http://www.usb.org/developers/docs/
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Intel_8259]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8259
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Programmable_Interrupt_Controller
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_d3ada6dd5022aaea998f0f1b.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d3ada6dd5022aaea998f0f1b.html
[http_www.ibm.com_developerworks_cn_linux_l-cn-linuxkernelint_index.html]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-linuxkernelint/index.html
[http_www.biosren.com_viewthread.php_tid_391]: http://www.biosren.com/viewthread.php?tid=391
[http_stackoverflow.com_questions_3425085_the-difference-between-call-gate-interrupt-gate-trap-gate]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3425085/the-difference-between-call-gate-interrupt-gate-trap-gate
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Non-maskable_interrupt]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt
[http_lwn.net_Articles_484932]: http://lwn.net/Articles/484932/
[http_blog.csdn.net_firas_article_details_8665366]: http://blog.csdn.net/firas/article/details/8665366
[http_blog.csdn.net_firas_article_details_8787506]: http://blog.csdn.net/firas/article/details/8787506
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Master_boot_record]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_boot_record
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_c17688c7bb4cf7ec4afed04d.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/c17688c7bb4cf7ec4afed04d.html
[http_www.ata-atapi.com]: http://www.ata-atapi.com/
[http_www.t13.org]: http://www.t13.org/
[http_www.sata-io.org]: http://www.sata-io.org/
[http_www.t10.org]: http://www.t10.org/
[http_www.t13.org_documents_UploadedDocuments_docs2007_D1699r4a-ATA8-ACS.pdf]: http://www.t13.org/documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2007/D1699r4a-ATA8-ACS.pdf
[http_www.t13.org_documents_UploadedDocuments_docs2011_d2015r7-ATAATAPI_Command_Set_-_2_ACS-2.pdf]: http://www.t13.org/documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2011/d2015r7-ATAATAPI_Command_Set_-_2_ACS-2.pdf
[http_www.t13.org_Documents_UploadedDocuments_docs2013_d2161r5-ATAATAPI_Command_Set_-_3.pdf]: http://www.t13.org/Documents/UploadedDocuments/docs2013/d2161r5-ATAATAPI_Command_Set_-_3.pdf
[http_www.knowledgetek.com_graphicsNew_SerialATA_Revision_3_2_Gold_with_20Links_.pdf]: http://www.knowledgetek.com/graphicsNew/SerialATA_Revision_3_2_Gold%28with%20Links%29.pdf
[http_www.lttconn.com_res_lttconn_pdres_201005_20100521170123066.pdf]: http://www.lttconn.com/res/lttconn/pdres/201005/20100521170123066.pdf
[http_www.intel.com_content_www_us_en_io_serial-ata_ahci.html]: http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/serial-ata/ahci.html
[http_bbs.pediy.com_showthread.php_t_171927]: http://bbs.pediy.com/showthread.php?t=171927
[http_occh.net_wordpress_p_324]: http://occh.net/wordpress/?p=324
[http_lwn.net_Articles_250967]: http://lwn.net/Articles/250967/
[http_blog.csdn.net_orange_os_article_details_7392986]: http://blog.csdn.net/orange_os/article/details/7392986
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Page_replacement_algorithm]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Page_replacement_algorithm
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_FAT]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAT
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_zh-cn_NTFS]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/NTFS
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_ReiserFS]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ReiserFS
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_XFS]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/XFS
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_ZFS]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZFS
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_Comparison_of_file_systems]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems
[http_thestarman.pcministry.com_asm_mbr_MSWIN41.htm]: http://thestarman.pcministry.com/asm/mbr/MSWIN41.htm
[http_home.freeuk.net_foxy2k_disk_disk3.htm]: http://home.freeuk.net/foxy2k/disk/disk3.htm
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_add07dfc910ef12d2af9e751.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/add07dfc910ef12d2af9e751.html
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_e2fb140590c69ec3d5bb7543.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e2fb140590c69ec3d5bb7543.html
[http_www.c-jump.com_bcc_t256t_Week04NtfsReview_index.html]: http://www.c-jump.com/bcc/t256t/Week04NtfsReview/index.html
[http_link.springer.com_content_pdf_10.1007_978-1-84628-732-9_6.pdf]: http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-84628-732-9_6.pdf
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_0a467b175f0e7cd184253652.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/0a467b175f0e7cd184253652.html
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_d26bec1ca76e58fafab00390.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/d26bec1ca76e58fafab00390.html
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-us_library_bb470206_v_vs.85_.aspx]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb470206%28v=vs.85%29.aspx
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_en-us_library_ms995846.aspx]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms995846.aspx
[http_windowsitpro.com_systems-management_inside-win2k-ntfs-part-2]: http://windowsitpro.com/systems-management/inside-win2k-ntfs-part-2
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_db827320192e45361066f5ad.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/db827320192e45361066f5ad.html
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_72b04d7302768e9951e738b8.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/72b04d7302768e9951e738b8.html
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_ISO_9660]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_9660
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki 2]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%85%89%E7%9B%98%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F
[http_www.sco.com_developers_devspecs_gabi41.pdf]: http://www.sco.com/developers/devspecs/gabi41.pdf
[http_downloads.openwatcom.org_ftp_devel_docs_elf-64-gen.pdf]: http://downloads.openwatcom.org/ftp/devel/docs/elf-64-gen.pdf
[http_msdn.microsoft.com_library_windows_hardware_gg463125]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/windows/hardware/gg463125
[http_www.vckbase.com_index.php_wv_1057]: http://www.vckbase.com/index.php/wv/1057
[http_www.vckbase.com_index.php_wv_1058]: http://www.vckbase.com/index.php/wv/1058
[http_blog.csdn.net_mark_chan_article_details_5104952]: http://blog.csdn.net/mark_chan/article/details/5104952
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_.bss]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.bss
[http_www.petesqbsite.com_sections_tutorials_tuts_vbe3.pdf]: http://www.petesqbsite.com/sections/tutorials/tuts/vbe3.pdf
[http_wenku.baidu.com_view_e4ac87956bec0975f465e2ea.html]: http://wenku.baidu.com/view/e4ac87956bec0975f465e2ea.html
[http_en.wikipedia.org_wiki_VESA_BIOS_Extensions]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA_BIOS_Extensions
[http_jelleybee.com_projects_software_pc_asm_int_10h_INT_10h_4Fxx_VESA.txt]: http://jelleybee.com/projects/software/pc_asm/int_10h/INT_10h_4Fxx_VESA.txt
[http_www.stanford.edu_class_cs140_projects_pintos_specs_freevga_vga_crtcreg.htm]: http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs140/projects/pintos/specs/freevga/vga/crtcreg.htm
[http_www.stanford.edu_class_cs140_projects_pintos_specs_freevga_vga_vga.htm]: http://www.stanford.edu/class/cs140/projects/pintos/specs/freevga/vga/vga.htm
[http_blog.csdn.net_guzhou_diaoke_article_details_8459541]: http://blog.csdn.net/guzhou_diaoke/article/details/8459541
[http_www.nvidia.com_object_cuda_home_new.html]: http://www.nvidia.com/object/cuda_home_new.html
[http_developer.amd.com_resources_heterogeneous-computing_opencl-zone]: http://developer.amd.com/resources/heterogeneous-computing/opencl-zone/
[http_gpgpu.org]: http://gpgpu.org/
[http_www.x.org_wiki]: http://www.x.org/wiki/
[http_www.gnome.org]: http://www.gnome.org/
[http_www.oschina.net_code_explore_gnome-2.91.3]: http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/gnome-2.91.3
[http_www.kde.org]: http://www.kde.org/
[http_www.oschina.net_code_explore_kde-4.5.4]: http://www.oschina.net/code/explore/kde-4.5.4
[http_www.xfce.org]: http://www.xfce.org/
[http_www.unicode.org]: http://www.unicode.org/
[http_site.icu-project.org_home]: http://site.icu-project.org/home
[https_fcitx-im.org_wiki_Fcitx]: https://fcitx-im.org/wiki/Fcitx
[http_www.ibm.com_developerworks_cn_linux_i18n_xim_xim-2_index.html]: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/i18n/xim/xim-2/index.html
[http_zh.wikipedia.org_wiki_BMP]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMP
[http_blog.csdn.net_o_sun_o_article_details_8351037]: http://blog.csdn.net/o_sun_o/article/details/8351037
[http_blog.csdn.net_lpt19832003_article_details_1713718]: http://blog.csdn.net/lpt19832003/article/details/1713718
[http_blog.csdn.net_bisword_article_details_2777121]: http://blog.csdn.net/bisword/article/details/2777121