python网络爬虫并输出excel

左手的ㄟ右手 2022-02-27 13:26 621阅读 0赞

### python网络爬虫并输出excel ###

*   *  Python版本与IDE
     *  网络爬虫
     *  urllib模块
     *  爬取的网站
     *  分析网站
     *   *  获取所有股票id
         *  根据id获取股票信息
     *  输出到Excel

## Python版本与IDE ##

笔者用的是python3.6.5以及PyCharm不得不说，JetBrains做的IDE都很不错，无论是这款PyCharm还是IntelliJ  
在形参处的名称提示太方便了

## 网络爬虫 ##

笔者学java的，本次写这个爬虫纯粹为了交作业  
学过java的URL类的基本都明白  
所为爬虫无非就是建立一个与某个网站的连接  
通过该连接获取输入流，读取网站内容  
实质上就是一个socket的输入输出操作，根据http状态码以及请求头里的信息，验证是否发送完毕（一般是200），结束连接  
![网络爬虫][format_png]

## urllib模块 ##

本次使用的爬取类库是python3.6的一个标准库  
urllib不依赖任何第三方库,无需安装  
通过以下代码

req=urllib.request.Request(url,header)

可以得到一个HttpRequest对象  
再通过以下代码，发出该请求并得到一个HttpResponse对象

res=urllib.request.urlopen(req,context)

以上代码中，如果是http:开头的网站header和context都可以省略，则采用默认参数  
而对于https开头的网站，因为要进行证书验证  
所以要创建一个带ssl证书的context并传入

context = ssl._create_unverified_context()

通过以下方式创建header来指定模拟爬虫的浏览器信息  
并在网站支持国际化时指定语言为中文

header = { 
        'Accept': 'text/html, application/xhtml+xml, */*',
        'Accept-Language': 'zh-CN',
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/66.0.3359.181 Safari/537.36',
        'DNT': '1',
        'Connection': 'Keep-Alive',
    }

通过得到的response对象的read方法会返回页面内容的byte数组  
而我们需要的是字符串  
所以使用decode方法，对byte数组编码并转换成字符串  
而网络传输的数据格式是json，所以使用json模块的load方法将得到的数据转换为json对象  
总结以上几步，我们封装一下爬取资源的方法

def getUrlJson(inUrl):
        req = urllib.request.Request(url=inUrl, headers=webheader)
        webPage = urllib.request.urlopen(req,context=context)
        data = webPage.read().decode('utf-8')
        data = json.loads(data)
        return data

通过调用该函数

data = getUrlJson(Url)

这样就得到了网页的内容  
有个bug，有时候爬取一些网站会提示页面中存在0x8b这个值不能编码为utf-8中的字符  
笔者上网百度了很久，包括在stackOverflow上查看相关问题  
发现没有真正能解决的，像（注释掉Accept-encode,不注释对压缩giz进行处理，都不能解决）  
然后在PyCharm中进行运行居然又不报这个错了…  
也希望知道这个bug解决方法的，联系笔者QQ1183609515，谢谢

## 爬取的网站 ##

本次爬取的是选股宝这个股票网站上面所有股票的信息  
作为一个股票网站，实时更新是必须的，所以肯定是个动态网站  
选股宝https://xuangubao.cn/dingpan/  
![选股宝数据][format_png 1]  
爬取下来页面内容后，输出查看

print(data)

结果是这个

<!doctype html>
    <html data-n-head-ssr data-n-head="">
     <head> 
      <meta data-n-head="true" name="referrer" content="always">
      <meta data-n-head="true" name="renderer" content="webkit">
      <meta data-n-head="true" name="force-rendering" content="webkit">
      <meta data-n-head="true" name="baidu-site-verification" content="GFgkG2X61Y">
      <meta data-n-head="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1">
      <meta data-n-head="true" charset="utf-8">
      <meta data-n-head="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
      <meta data-n-head="true" data-hid="description" name="description" content="选股宝，一款主打“主题投资”的A股资讯神器，每日根据用户个性化关注主题，推送最新、最快、最狠的消息，帮助第一时间抓住机会。">
      <meta data-n-head="true" data-hid="keywords" name="keywords" content="选股宝,xuangubao.cn,主题投资,资讯,股票,板块,题材,产业链,主题库,今日机会,中长线机会,近期风口,提前埋伏">
      <title data-n-head="true">选题材抓龙头，就用选股宝 xuangubao.cn</title>
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                      <span> 日 </span>
                      <span> 一 </span>
                      <span> 二 </span>
                      <span> 三 </span>
                      <span> 四 </span>
                      <span> 五 </span>
                      <span> 六 </span>
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                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-prev-month"><em>27</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-prev-month"><em>28</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-prev-month"><em>29</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-prev-month"><em>30</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-prev-month"><em>31</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>1</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>2</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>3</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>4</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>5</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>6</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>7</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>8</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>9</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>10</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell"><em>11</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-selected ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-today"><em>12</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>13</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>14</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>15</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>16</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>17</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>18</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>19</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>20</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>21</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>22</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>23</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>24</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>25</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>26</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>27</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>28</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>29</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled"><em>30</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>1</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>2</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>3</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>4</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>5</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>6</em></span>
                     <span class="ivu-date-picker-cells-cell ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-disabled ivu-date-picker-cells-cell-next-month"><em>7</em></span>
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               <input placeholder="手机号" type="text" value="" class="login-item-input login-phone-input" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
               <i class="iconfont icon-pass" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc></i>
              </div>
              <div class="login-phone-input-err" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc></div>
              <div class="login-item login-setpwd" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
               <i class="iconfont" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc></i>
               <input placeholder="密码" type="password" value="" class="login-item-input login-setpwd-input" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
               <div class="login-setpwd-forget" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
                <input type="checkbox" id="pwd-switch-login" name="pwd-switch-login" class="login-pwd-switch" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
                <label for="pwd-switch-login" class="login-pwd-switch-label" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc><i class="iconfont" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc></i></label>
                <span class="forget-pwd" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>忘记密码</span>
               </div>
              </div>
              <div class="login-pwd-err" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc></div>
              <div class="login-rememberme" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
               <input type="checkbox" id="rememberme-switch" name="rememberme-switch" checked class="login-rememberme-switch" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
               <label for="rememberme-switch" class="login-rememberme-switch-label" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>记住我</label>
              </div>
              <div id="xgb-login" class="login-btn" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
                登录 
              </div>
              <div class="login-to-register" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>
                还没有选股宝账号？
               <span class="login-to-register-link" data-v-0f33f7e0 data-v-10973acc>立即注册</span>
              </div>
             </div>
             
            </div>
           </div>
           
           
          </div>
         </div>
        </div>
       </div>
      </div>
      <script type="text/javascript">window.__NUXT__={ "layout":"default","data":[{ "pageIndex":0,"pageMode":"normal","sideWidth":"25%","selectDate":"2018-06-12T02:10:29.910Z","timer":0,"topFixed":false,"yscrollVal":0,"smallScreen":false,"tabOffsetTop":152,"guideShow":false,"svgWidth":1000,"svgHeight":600,"yidongtixing":true,"show":false,"stopRefreshing":false,"tabItems":[{ "index":0,"text":"盯盘","type":"ding","targetProp":"","poolPostfix":"","checked":false},{ "index":1,"text":"涨停池","type":"boardstock","targetProp":"last_raise_time","poolPostfix":"board_code_desc","checked":false},{ "index":2,"text":"炸板池","type":"boomstock","targetProp":"last_boom_time","poolPostfix":"boom_code_desc","checked":false},{ "index":3,"text":"新股池","type":"newstock","targetProp":"new_stock_rule","poolPostfix":"new_code_desc","checked":false},{ "index":4,"text":"次新股池","type":"secstock","targetProp":"px_change_rate","poolPostfix":"sec_code_desc","checked":false},{ "index":5,"text":"强势股池","type":"multistock","targetProp":"continue_board_count","poolPostfix":"multi_code_desc","checked":false},{ "index":6,"text":"跌停池","type":"downstock","targetProp":"last_board_time","poolPostfix":"","checked":false},{ "index":7,"text":"昨日涨停池","type":"boardpreday","targetProp":"last_raise_time","poolPostfix":"","checked":false}],"playsinline":true,"playerOptions":{ "muted":false,"width":900,"isFullscreen":true,"language":"zh-CN","sources":[{ "type":"video\u002Fmp4","src":"http:\u002F\u002Fimage.bao.wallstreetcn.com\u002Fzhinengdingpan.mp4"}],"poster":"http:\u002F\u002Fimage.bao.wallstreetcn.com\u002Fding\u002Ffen3.png"}}],"error":null,"state":{ "auth":{ "token":null,"headers":{ },"req":{ }},"external":{ "baiduTTSToken":{ }},"home":{ "ads":[],"hided":false},"homeMsgs":{ "activeFixedSubjects":[],"hotSubjects":[],"activeHotSubjects":null,"msgs":[],"pushSettingsOpen":false,"push":{ "notification":true,"audio":true,"tts":true},"isFetching":false,"reachedEnd":false,"cursor":{ "headmark":"","tailmark":"","msgIdMark":"","hasExplain":""},"entities":{ "msgs":{ }},"entries":{ "msgList":[]},"mode":"live","searchInfo":{ "keyword":"","total":"","startDate":"","endDate":"","offset":0},"loading":false},"kline":{ "count":200,"countStep":50,"zhutiKline":[],"stockKline":{ },"stockKlineFields":[],"nomoreKline":false},"login":{ "login":{ "show":false,"mode":0}},"market":{ "indexes":[{ "Name":"上证指数","Symbol":"000001.SS"},{ "Name":"深证成指","Symbol":"399001.SZ"},{ "Name":"创业板指","Symbol":"399006.SZ"}],"quoteChange":{ },"thermometer":{ }},"premium":{ "params":{ "page":1,"limit":10},"msgs":[],"hotMsgs":[],"subjectInfo":{ },"trialMsgs":[]},"purchasedMsgs":{ "params":{ "limit":10,"page":1},"msgs":null},"settings":{ "trending":[],"settings":{ "JinRiJiHuiQianZhan":[],"TiQianMaiFu":[],"ZhongChangXianJiHui":[]}},"stock":{ "real":{ },"stocks":[]},"stockImage":{ "stockImage":{ }},"stockSummary":{ "fluctuationContrastData":null,"behaviorKlineData":null,"limitContrastData":null,"raiseIncompletedKlineData":null,"temperatureVal":null,"fluctuationDistributionData":null},"stockTrend":{ "trend":null,"stockList":null,"preValue":null},"subscribe":{ "isModalOpen":false,"message":null,"subject":{ },"subjectItems":{ "index":0,"items":[]},"selectedType":"","payMethod":"","payStatus":0,"order":{ },"errmsg":""},"theme":{ "themeInfo":null,"themeMsg":{ },"plateSetInfo":{ },"excpetionTheme":["24291465","24898553","17864537","19322062","17136297","17290881","27912881","27924249"],"themeStockSymbol":[],"outerStockSymbol":[],"themeStockList":[],"themeCount":{ "raise":0,"down":0,"stable":0},"stockReal":{ },"stockLabel":{ },"themeSets":[],"accessMode":1,"stockFlow":null,"themeJinRiLongTou":null,"themeGoodBad":[],"eventHoverTime":null,"hideEvents":[],"financeDate":null,"finance":null,"themeFinance":null},"tuoshui":{ "params":{ "page":1,"limit":10},"Messages":{ },"Subject":{ },"NextMark":null,"hotMsgs":[],"trialMsgs":[]},"user":{ "userInfo":{ "isLogged":false,"Token":"","nickname":""}},"yuanchuang":{ "top":[],"latest":[],"dayRank":[],"weekRank":[],"msgs":{ }},"zaozhidao":{ "params":{ "page":1,"limit":10},"Messages":{ },"Subject":{ },"NextMark":null,"hotMsgs":[],"trialMsgs":[]},"zhutiChart":{ "mode":"fenshi","diejia":[],"originIndex":[{ "name":"沪深300","symbol":"000300.SS","px":null,"checked":true,"_index":0},{ "name":"深证成指","symbol":"399001.SZ","px":null,"checked":false,"_index":1},{ "name":"创业板指","symbol":"399006.SZ","px":null,"checked":false,"_index":2}],"timeRange":[]},"zhutiTongji":{ "tongji":null,"tongjiMap":{ },"stockClose":{ },"tongjiTime":null,"tongjiLoading":false},"zhutiTrend":{ "trend":null,"zhutiId":null,"preValue":null},"zhutiku":{ "zhutikuAsc":[],"zhutikuDesc":[]}},"serverRendered":true};</script>
      <script src="https://static-alpha.wallstreetcn.com/clay/manifest.1f6b2202e79ed3bc8f71.js" defer></script>
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      <script> (function(b,a,e,h,f,c,g,s){ b[h]=b[h]||function(){ (b[h].c=b[h].c||[]).push(arguments)}; b[h].s=!!c;g=a.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s=a.createElement(e); s.src="//s.union.360.cn/"+f+".js";s.defer=!0;s.async=!0;g.parentNode.insertBefore(s,g) })(window,document,"script","_qha",219689,false); </script> 
      <script> var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document.createElement("script"); hm.async = 1 hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?6e8f4dfa25ad4f956a55c8dd8d01fdec"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })(); </script> 
      <script> var _hmt = _hmt || []; (function() { var hm = document.createElement("script"); hm.src = "https://hm.baidu.com/hm.js?7e18ea40d71ecda0eacae51be020d9be"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(hm, s); })(); </script>   
     </body>
    </html>

与我们在浏览器里看到的页面不同，body中只有空标签  
这是因为选股宝为了实时更新页面数据  
内容都是通过js定时器定时发送ajax请求以后渲染数据到页面中

## 分析网站 ##

在浏览器中打开开发者模式(F12)查看刚刚爬取的网站的网络请求数据  
发现有这个请求  
![getIds][]  
这个url获取到的是所有的股票id  
还有另一个重要的url  
![getInfo][]  
这个url可以根据id获取到对应的股票信息  
根据这个:

### 获取所有股票id ###

queryProdCodeUrl='https://wows-api.wallstreetcn.com/v3/aioria/plates/summary/field?ids=all&fields=plate_id,stocks'
    prodData = getUrlJson(queryProdCodeUrl)

### 根据id获取股票信息 ###

queryInfoUrl='https://wows-api.wallstreetcn.com/real?fields=prod_name,px_change,last_px,px_change_rate,trade_status,circulation_value,pe_rate,market_value,turnover_ratio'
    total=0
    for item in prodData['data']['items']:
        for iitem in prodData['data']['items'][item][1]['items']:
            total=total+1
            infoUrl = queryInfoUrl + '&en_prod_code=' + iitem[0]
            snapshot = getUrlJson(infoUrl)['data']['snapshot']
            snapshot = zip(snapshot['fields'],snapshot[iitem[0]])
            for info in snapshot:
                print(info[0],':',info[1],end=' ')
    print('total:',total)

至此，就完成了爬区全股宝上的股票信息并输出

## 输出到Excel ##

这里要用到第三方的库  
xlwt  
这是一个python向excel文件输出内容的库，不依赖其他第三方库  
安装后  
使用命令

xls = xlwt.Workbook()
    sheet = xls.add_sheet('sample')

就创建了一个包含一个sample名字的sheet的xls文件对象  
使用命令

sheet.write(row, col, data)

就可以将data的内容输出到该对象的row行从来列的格子  
最后调用命令

xls.save(yourSavePath)

就可以把xls文件输出到给定目录  
综上，我们只需要  
在原有代码里修改下

total=0
    xls = xlwt.Workbook()
    sheet = xls.add_sheet('sample')
    
    for item in prodData['data']['items']:
        for iitem in prodData['data']['items'][item][1]['items']:
            total=total+1
            infoUrl = queryInfoUrl + '&en_prod_code=' + iitem[0]
            snapshot = getUrlJson(infoUrl)['data']['snapshot']
            snapshot = zip(snapshot['fields'],snapshot[iitem[0]])
            col=0
            for info in snapshot:
                #print(info[0],':',info[1],end=' ')
                sheet.write(total, col, info[1])
                col=col+1
    infoUrl = queryInfoUrl + '&en_prod_code=' + iitem[0]
    snapshot = getUrlJson(infoUrl)['data']['snapshot']
    snapshot = zip(snapshot['fields'],snapshot[iitem[0]])
    col=0
    for info in snapshot:
        sheet.write(0, col, info[0])
        col=col+1
    xls.save(yourSavePath)

最后一段代码是把每个field的名字写入excel的第一行  
最终查看目录文件  
\[外链图片转存失败,源站可能有防盗链机制,建议将图片保存下来直接上传(img-uuVUPnOu-1589093220299)(/blog/images/python/excelData.jpg)\]  
![excel结果][excel]  
去除第一行的field名称  
总共12924条股票信息  
运行时间差不多一小时，才输出完毕

更多文章，请搜索公众号歪歪梯Club  
![更多资料，请搜索公众号编程宝可梦][20200521183346518.jpg]

[format_png]: /images/20220227/4f122d37512c4b4ba6ad6f47992f5143.png
[format_png 1]: /images/20220227/f5d8e1ca0d0443bcabeaa7c4e42f7dd1.png
[getIds]: /images/20220227/ad2573a8c75f41cbb023905bdbad2b6f.png
[getInfo]: /images/20220227/9f229b10e0da42bcb9e5d312f594ab33.png
[excel]: /images/20220227/e5f7574c532449f6984546ba53d63bdf.png
[20200521183346518.jpg]: /images/20220227/0a3b4640fca04c228fb71c59124f98f1.png