python爬虫-全国列车信息查询

你的名字 2022-02-17 15:50 193阅读 0赞

# 列车信息 #

## 代码： ##

python
    import urllib
    from urllib.request import urlopen
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    import pymysql
    import requests
    import FromAToB
    
    
    
    
    def getHtml(start,arrive,time):
        start=urlChange(start)
        arrive=urlChange(arrive)
        url="https://huoche.cncn.com/train-'%s'-'%s'?date='%s'" %(start,arrive,time)
        headers = {'User-Agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/62.0.3202.62 Safari/537.36'}
        req = urllib.request.Request(url=url,headers=headers)
        response = urllib.request.urlopen(req)
        data=response.read()
        soup=BeautifulSoup(data,"html.parser")
        return soup
    
    def urlChange(a):
        a=a.encode('gb2312')
        a=str(a)
        a=a[2:-1]
        a=a.replace('\\x','%')
        a=a.upper()
        return a
    
    def getData(soup):
        #print(soup)
        trainNumInfo=[]
        startStation=[]
        startTime=[]
        runTime=[]
        arriveStation=[]
        arriveTime=[]
        distance=[]
        seat=[]
        trainInfos=soup.find_all('table',attrs={'id':False})
        for trainInfo in trainInfos:
            td=trainInfo.find('tr').find_all('td')
            #获取车次信息
            trainNumInfo.append(td[0].find('b').find('a').getText())
            #获得出发车站、出发时间、目的车站、到达时间
            start=td[1].getText().rstrip().split(' ')
            startStation.append(start[0][2:len(start[0])])
            arriveStation.append(start[1][1:len(start[1])])
            startTime.append(td[2].find('b').getText())
            arriveTime.append(td[2].find('span').getText())
            #获得行驶时间、行驶距离
            runTime.append(td[3].find('b').getText())
            distance.append(td[3].find('span').getText())
            sit={'一等座':'无','二等座':'无','硬座':'无','卧铺':'无'}
            flag=td[4].getText().lstrip()
            flag=flag.rstrip()
            if flag != '无':
                ems=td[4].find_all('em')
                spans=td[4].find_all('span')
                for em,i in zip(ems,range(len(ems))):
                    sit[em.getText()]=spans[i].getText()
            else:
                sit['无座']='0.0'
            seat.append(sit)
    
        trains=[]
        for i in range(len(trainNumInfo)):
            train=[]
            train.append(trainNumInfo[i])
            train.append(startStation[i])
            train.append(arriveStation[i])
            train.append(startTime[i])
            train.append(arriveTime[i])
            train.append(runTime[i])
            train.append(distance[i])
            train.append(seat[i]['一等座'])
            train.append(seat[i]['二等座'])
            train.append(seat[i]['硬座'])
            train.append(seat[i]['卧铺'])
            trains.append(train)
        return trains
            
    def getStation(soup):
        station=soup.find('div',attrs={'class':'train_details train_list'}).find('table').find('td',attrs={'class':'first','width':False})
        sta=station.getText()
        station=sta.split(' ')
        return station[2]
    
    def leastTime(x):
        a={}
        trains=[]
        train={}
        for i in x:
            if i[0][0:1].isdigit():
                a['无']=10*24*60
            else:
                a[i[0][0:1]]=10*24*60
        for i in x:
            time=i[5].split('小时')
            if len(time)>1:
                if time[1] != '':
                    time=int(time[0])*60+int(time[1][0:-2])
                else:
                    time=int(time[0])*60
                
            else:
                time=int(time[0][0:-2])
            if i[0][0:1] in a:
                if a[i[0][0:1]]>time:
                    a[i[0][0:1]]=time
                    train[i[0][0:1]]=i
            else:
                if a['无']>time:
                    a['无']=time
                    train['无']=i
        for i in train.values():
            trains.append(i)
        return trains
    def mostComf(x,p):
        kind=['G','D','C','Z','T','K','无']
        tp=[]
        t=10*24*60
        a={}
        for i in kind:
            a[i]=''
            
        for i in x:
            if i[0][0:1] in a:
                a[i[0][0:1]]=i
            else:
                a['无']=i
                
        if p:
            j=0
            for i in kind:
                if len(a[i])>0:
                    tp.append(a[i])
                    j+=1
            return [tp[int(j/2)]]
        else:
            for i in kind:
                if len(a[i])>0:
                    return [a[i]]
    def leastMoney(x):
        kind=['G','D','C','Z','T','K','无']
        tp=[]
        t=10*24*60
        a={}
        for i in kind:
            a[i]=''
            
        for i in x:
            if i[0][0:1] in a:
                a[i[0][0:1]]=i
            else:
                a['无']=i
                
        j=0
        for i in kind:
            if len(a[i])>0:
                tp.append(a[i])
                j+=1
        return [tp[j-1]]
            
    def AToB(A,B,time,p,t,c):
        soup=getHtml(A,B,time)
        if FromAToB.selAB(A,B):
            x=getData(soup)
            if t:
                x=leastTime(x)
            if c:
                x=mostComf(x,p)
            if p:
                x=leastMoney(x)
            return x
        else:
            mid=getStation(soup)
            print(mid)
            x=getData(getHtml(A,mid,time))
            if t:
                x=leastTime(x)
            if c:
                x=mostComf(x,p)
            if p:
                x=leastMoney(x)
            y=getData(getHtml(mid,B,time))
            if t:
                y=leastTime(y)
            if c:
                y=mostComf(y,p)
            if p:
                x=leastMoney(x)
            return x+y
    #a=AToB('马鞍山','南京','2018-10-18',True,True,True)
    #print(a)

## 程序思路 ##

### 分析网页 ###

\[页面一： [查询首页][Link 1]\]  
\[页面二： [南京-马鞍山-2018/11/28][-_-2018_11_28]\]  
在输入出发城市，到达城市，出发时间，点击立即搜索，然后页面跳转到页面二，发现格式url有固定格式。

*  train-%C4%CF%BE%A9-%C2%ED%B0%B0%C9%BD?date=2018-11-28
    
     *  train-++%C4%CF%BE%A9\+±%C2%ED%B0%B0%C9%BD?date=2018-11-28：标记部分为出发城市
     *  train-%C4%CF%BE%A9-++%C2%ED%B0%B0%C9%BD\++?date=2018-11-28：标记部分为到达城市
     *  train-%C4%CF%BE%A9-%C2%ED%B0%B0%C9%BD?++date=2018-11-28\++：标记部分为出发时间

然后分析其编码。因为不同字符集对同一数据进行编码结果不同，所以找对编码很关键。这里的编码就显得很孤儿。他并没有用别人专门的urlencoder和urldecoder。

注：然后开始尝试编码

网页上的马鞍山字符编码：%C2%ED%B0%B0%C9%BD  
utf-8：b’\\xe9\\xa9\\xac\\xe9\\x9e\\x8d\\xe5\\xb1\\xb1 gbk:b’\\xc2\\xed\\xb0\\xb0\\xc9\\xbd’  
gb2312:b’\\xc2\\xed\\xb0\\xb0\\xc9\\xbd’

发现gbk和gb2312的编码只要将\\x换成%,然后去掉开头两个字符，最后一个字符就和网页上的马鞍山字符编码一样了  
然后写一个编码转换的函数即可

python
    def urlChange(a):
        a=a.encode('gb2312')
        a=str(a)
        a=a[2:-1]
        a=a.replace('\\x','%')
        a=a.upper()
        return a

[Link 1]: https://huoche.cncn.com
[-_-2018_11_28]: https://huoche.cncn.com/train-%C4%CF%BE%A9-%C2%ED%B0%B0%C9%BD?date=2018-11-28