使用 kubeadm 在 GCP 部署 Kubernetes

约定不等于承诺〃 2022-02-14 16:21 314阅读 0赞

![Kubernetes][]

## 0. 介绍 ##

最近在准备 CKA 考试，所以需要搭建一个 Kubernetes 集群来方便练习．GCP 平台新用户注册送 300 刀体验金，所以就想到用 kubeadm 在 GCP 弄个练练手，既方便又省钱．

这一套做下来，还是比较容易上手的，kubeadm 提供的是傻瓜式的安装体验，所以难度主要还是在科学上网和熟悉 GCP 的命令上，接下来就详细记述一下如何操作．

## 1. 准备 ##

接下来的操作都假设已经设置好了科学上网，由于政策原因，具体做法请自行搜索；而且已经注册好了 GCP 账户，链接如下：[GCP][]

### 1.1 gcloud 安装和配置 ###

首先需要在本地电脑上安装 GCP 命令行客户端：gcloud，参考链接为：[gcloud][]

因为众所周知的原因，gcloud 要能正常使用，要设置代理才可以，下面是设置 SOCKS5 代理的命令：

# gcloud config set proxy/type PROXY_TYPE
    $ gcloud config set proxy/type socks5
    # gcloud config set proxy/address PROXY_IP_ADDRESS
    $ gcloud config set proxy/address 127.0.0.1
    # gcloud config set proxy/port PROXY_PORT
    $ gcloud config set proxy/address 1080

如果是第一次使用 GCP，需要先进行初始化．在初始化的过程中会有几次交互，使用默认选项即可．由于之前已经设置了代理，网络代理相关部分就可以跳过了．  
**注意**：在选择 region（区域）时，建议选择 us-west2，原因是目前大部分 GCP 的 region，体验用户只能最多创建四个虚拟机实例，只有少数几个区域可以创建六个，其中就包括 **us-west2**，正常来讲，搭建 Kubernetes 需要三个 master，三个 worker，四个不太够用，当然如果只是试试的话，两个节点，一主一从，也够用了．

$ gcloud init 
    Welcome! This command will take you through the configuration of gcloud.
    
    Settings from your current configuration [profile-name] are:
    core:
      disable_usage_reporting: 'True'
    
    Pick configuration to use:
     [1] Re-initialize this configuration [profile-name] with new settings 
     [2] Create a new configuration
     [3] Switch to and re-initialize existing configuration: [default]
    Please enter your numeric choice:  3
    
    Your current configuration has been set to: [default]
    
    You can skip diagnostics next time by using the following flag:
      gcloud init --skip-diagnostics
    
    Network diagnostic detects and fixes local network connection issues.
    Checking network connection...done.                                                                                                                                                                               
    ERROR: Reachability Check failed.
        Cannot reach https://www.google.com (ServerNotFoundError)
        Cannot reach https://accounts.google.com (ServerNotFoundError)
        Cannot reach https://cloudresourcemanager.googleapis.com/v1beta1/projects (ServerNotFoundError)
        Cannot reach https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform (ServerNotFoundError)
        Cannot reach https://dl.google.com/dl/cloudsdk/channels/rapid/components-2.json (ServerNotFoundError)
    Network connection problems may be due to proxy or firewall settings.
    
    Current effective Cloud SDK network proxy settings:
        type = socks5
        host = PROXY_IP_ADDRESS
        port = 1080
        username = None
        password = None
    
    What would you like to do?
     [1] Change Cloud SDK network proxy properties
     [2] Clear all gcloud proxy properties
     [3] Exit
    Please enter your numeric choice:  1
    
    Select the proxy type:
     [1] HTTP
     [2] HTTP_NO_TUNNEL
     [3] SOCKS4
     [4] SOCKS5
    Please enter your numeric choice:  4
    
    Enter the proxy host address: 127.0.0.1
    
    Enter the proxy port: 1080
    
    Is your proxy authenticated (y/N)?  N
    
    Cloud SDK proxy properties set.
    
    Rechecking network connection...done.                                                                                                                                                                             
    Reachability Check now passes.
    Network diagnostic (1/1 checks) passed.
    
    You must log in to continue. Would you like to log in (Y/n)?  y
    
    Your browser has been opened to visit:
    
        https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/auth?redirect_uri=......
    
    
    已在现有的浏览器会话中创建新的窗口。
    
    
    Updates are available for some Cloud SDK components.  To install them,
    please run:
      $ gcloud components update
    
    You are logged in as: [<gmail account>].
    
    Pick cloud project to use: 
     [1] <project-id>
     [2] Create a new project
    Please enter numeric choice or text value (must exactly match list 
    item):  1
    
    Your current project has been set to: [<project-id>].
    
    Your project default Compute Engine zone has been set to [us-west2-b].
    You can change it by running [gcloud config set compute/zone NAME].
    
    Your project default Compute Engine region has been set to [us-west2].
    You can change it by running [gcloud config set compute/region NAME].
    
    Created a default .boto configuration file at [/home/<username>/.boto]. See this file and
    [https://cloud.google.com/storage/docs/gsutil/commands/config] for more
    information about configuring Google Cloud Storage.
    Your Google Cloud SDK is configured and ready to use!
    
    * Commands that require authentication will use <gmail account> by default
    * Commands will reference project `<project-id>` by default
    * Compute Engine commands will use region `us-west2` by default
    * Compute Engine commands will use zone `us-west2-b` by default
    
    Run `gcloud help config` to learn how to change individual settings
    
    This gcloud configuration is called [default]. You can create additional configurations if you work with multiple accounts and/or projects.
    Run `gcloud topic configurations` to learn more.
    
    Some things to try next:
    
    * Run `gcloud --help` to see the Cloud Platform services you can interact with. And run `gcloud help COMMAND` to get help on any gcloud command.
    * Run `gcloud topic -h` to learn about advanced features of the SDK like arg files and output formatting

### 1.2 GCP 资源创建 ###

接下来创建 Kuernetes 所需的 GCP 资源．

第一步是创建网络和子网．

$ gcloud compute networks create cka --subnet-mode custom
    $ gcloud compute networks subnets create kubernetes --network cka --range 10.240.0.0/24

接下来要创建防火墙规则，配置哪些端口是可以开放访问的．一共两条规则，一个外网，一个内网．  
外网规则只需要开放 ssh, ping 和 kube-api 的访问就足够了：

$ gcloud compute firewall-rules create cka-external --allow tcp:22,tcp:6443,icmp --network cka --source-ranges 0.0.0.0/0

内网规则设置好 GCP 虚拟机网段和后面 pod 的网段可以互相访问即可，因为后面会使用 calico 作为网络插件，所以只开放 TCP, UDP 和 ICMP 是不够的，还需要开放 BGP，但 GCP 的防火墙规则中没有 BGP 选项，所以放开全部协议的互通．

$ gcloud compute firewall-rules create cka-internal --network cka --allow=all --source-ranges 192.168.0.0/16,10.240.0.0/16

最后创建 GCP 虚拟机实例．

$ gcloud compute instances create controller-1 --async --boot-disk-size 200GB --can-ip-forward --image-family ubuntu-1804-lts --image-project ubuntu-os-cloud --machine-type n1-standard-1 --private-network-ip 10.240.0.11 --scopes compute-rw,storage-ro,service-management,service-control,logging-write,monitoring --subnet kubernetes --tags cka,controller
    $ gcloud compute instances create worker-1 --async --boot-disk-size 200GB --can-ip-forward --image-family ubuntu-1804-lts --image-project ubuntu-os-cloud --machine-type n1-standard-1 --private-network-ip 10.240.0.21 --scopes compute-rw,storage-ro,service-management,service-control,logging-write,monitoring --subnet kubernetes --tags cka,worker

## 2. 主节点配置 ##

使用 gcloud 登录 controller-1

$ gcloud compute ssh controller-1
    WARNING: The public SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.
    WARNING: The private SSH key file for gcloud does not exist.
    WARNING: You do not have an SSH key for gcloud.
    WARNING: SSH keygen will be executed to generate a key.
    Generating public/private rsa key pair.
    Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): 
    Enter same passphrase again: 
    Your identification has been saved in /home/<username>/.ssh/google_compute_engine.
    Your public key has been saved in /home/<username>/.ssh/google_compute_engine.pub.
    The key fingerprint is:
    SHA256:jpaZtzz42t7FjB1JV06GeVHhXVi12LF/a+lfl7TK2pw <username>@<username>
    The key's randomart image is:
    +---[RSA 2048]----+
    |               O&|
    |              B=B|
    |            ...*o|
    |           . o  .|
    |        S   o  .o|
    |       *   = .. *|
    |      *.o . =  *o|
    |     ..+.o .+ = o|
    |      .+*....E .o|
    +----[SHA256]-----+
    Updating project ssh metadata...⠧Updated [https://www.googleapis.com/compute/v1/projects/<project-id>].                                                                                                  
    Updating project ssh metadata...done.                                                                                                                                                                             
    Waiting for SSH key to propagate.
    Warning: Permanently added 'compute.2329485573714771968' (ECDSA) to the list of known hosts.
    Welcome to Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.15.0-1025-gcp x86_64)
    
     * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
     * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
     * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/advantage
    
      System information as of Wed Dec  5 03:05:31 UTC 2018
    
      System load:  0.0               Processes:           87
      Usage of /:   1.2% of 96.75GB   Users logged in:     0
      Memory usage: 5%                IP address for ens4: 10.240.0.11
      Swap usage:   0%
    
    
      Get cloud support with Ubuntu Advantage Cloud Guest:
        http://www.ubuntu.com/business/services/cloud
    
    0 packages can be updated.
    0 updates are security updates.
    
    
    $ ssh -l<user-name> -i .ssh/google_compute_engine.pub 35.236.126.174

安装 kubeadm, docker, kubelet, kubectl．

$ sudo apt update
    $ sudo apt upgrade -y
    $ sudo apt-get install -y docker.io

$ sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
    deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main

$ curl -s https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg | sudo  apt-key add -
    OK

$ sudo apt update
    $ sudo apt-get install -y \
    kubeadm=1.12.2-00 kubelet=1.12.2-00 kubectl=1.12.2-00

kubeadm 初始化

$ sudo kubeadm init --pod-network-cidr 192.168.0.0/16

配置 calico 网络插件

$ wget https://tinyurl.com/yb4xturm \
    -O rbac-kdd.yaml
    $ wget https://tinyurl.com/y8lvqc9g \
    -O calico.yaml
    $ kubectl apply -f rbac-kdd.yaml
    $ kubectl apply -f calico.yaml

配置 kubectl 的 bash 自动补全．

$ source <(kubectl completion bash)
    $ echo "source <(kubectl completion bash)" >> ~/.bashrc

## 3. 从节点配置 ##

这里偷懒了一下，从节点安装的包和主节点一模一样，大家可以根据需求，去掉一些不必要的包．

$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade -y
    $ apt-get install -y docker.io

$ sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list.d/kubernetes.list
    deb http://apt.kubernetes.io/ kubernetes-xenial main

$ curl -s \
    https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt/doc/apt-key.gpg \
    | sudo apt-key add -
    $ sudo apt-get update
    $ sudo apt-get install -y \
    kubeadm=1.12.2-00 kubelet=1.12.2-00 kubectl=1.12.2-00

如果此时 kubeadm init 命令中的 join 命令找不到了，或者 bootstrap token 过期了，该怎么办呢，下面就是解决方法．

$ sudo kubeadm token list
    TOKEN TTL EXPIRES USAGES DESCRIPTION
    27eee4.6e66ff60318da929 23h 2017-11-03T13:27:33Z
    authentication,signing The default bootstrap token generated
    by ’kubeadm init’....
    
    $ sudo kubeadm token create
    27eee4.6e66ff60318da929
    
    $ openssl x509 -pubkey \
    -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt | openssl rsa \
    -pubin -outform der 2>/dev/null | openssl dgst \
    -sha256 -hex | sed ’s/^.* //’
    6d541678b05652e1fa5d43908e75e67376e994c3483d6683f2a18673e5d2a1b0

最后执行 kubeadm join 命令．

$ sudo kubeadm join \
    --token 27eee4.6e66ff60318da929 \
    10.128.0.3:6443 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash \
    sha256:6d541678b05652e1fa5d43908e75e67376e994c3483d6683f2a18673e5d2a1b0

## 4. 参考文档 ##

*  [GCP Cloud SDK 安装指南][gcloud]
 *  [配置 Cloud SDK 以在代理/防火墙后使用][Cloud SDK]
 *  [Kubernetes the hard way][]
 *  [Linux Academy: Certified Kubernetes Administrator (CKA)][Linux Academy_ Certified Kubernetes Administrator _CKA]

[Kubernetes]: /images/20220214/5a658c6b81574af6a5cbcc6dec751a66.png
[GCP]: https://cloud.google.com/
[gcloud]: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/
[Cloud SDK]: https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/proxy-settings
[Kubernetes the hard way]: https://github.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way
[Linux Academy_ Certified Kubernetes Administrator _CKA]: https://linuxacademy.com/cp/coursescheduler/view/id/208836