Go package(2) strings 用法

系统管理员 2022-01-19 23:51 180阅读 0赞

> go version go1.10.3

Go中的字符串用法，可以在 [godoc.org][] 上查看语法和用法。

最简单的语法就是获取字符串中的子串

s := "hello world"
    
    fmt.Println(s[1:3], s[0:])
    复制代码

# 一：查找 #

## 1、查找返回索引 ##

[godoc.org][godoc.org 1]上索引的方法

## Index ##

func Index(s, substr string) int 复制代码

Index returns the index of the first instance of substr in s, or -1 if substr is not present in s.  
说明：返回子串substr在字符串s中第一次出现的位置  
如果找不到则返回-1；如果substr为空，则返回0

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "hello h 世界!"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Index(s, "h"))
    	fmt.Println(strings.Index(s, "!"))
    	fmt.Println(strings.Index(s, "wo"))
    }
    
    //output:
    //0
    //14
    //-1
    复制代码

## IndexAny ##

func IndexAny(s, chars string) int 复制代码

IndexAny returns the index of the first instance of any Unicode code point from chars in s, or -1 if no Unicode code point from chars is present in s.  
说明：返回字符串 chars 中的任一个字符在字符串 s 中第一次出现的位置  
如果找不到，则返回 -1，如果 chars 为空，则返回 -1

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "hello h golang 世界! GO GO GO"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.IndexAny(s, "bbc"))
    	fmt.Println(strings.IndexAny(s, "elly")) //e这个字符出现在了第1个索引位置
    	fmt.Println(strings.IndexAny(s, "dof")) //d没有出现在字符中，o出现在第4个索引位置，也就是说dof按字符顺序依次检查
    }
    //output
    //-1 
    //1
    //4
    复制代码

## LastIndex ##

func LastIndex(s, substr string) int 复制代码

说明：返回字符串substr在s中最后一次出现的位置  
如果找不到，则返回 -1，如果 sep 为空，则返回字符串的长度  
**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "hello h golang 世界! GO GO GO"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.LastIndex(s, "o")) //从后面输出的结构看，查找区分大小写
    	fmt.Println(strings.LastIndex(s, "G")) //从后面输出的结构看，查找区分大小写
    	fmt.Println(strings.LastIndex(s, "go"))
    }
    //output:
    //9
    //29
    //8
    复制代码

## IndexRune ##

func IndexRune(s string, r rune) int 复制代码

IndexRune returns the index of the first instance of the Unicode code point r, or -1 if rune is not present in s. If r is utf8.RuneError, it returns the first instance of any invalid UTF-8 byte sequence.  
说明：返回字符串 r 在字符串 s 中第一次出现的位置  
如果找不到，则返回 -1

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "hello h golang 世界! GO GO GO"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.IndexRune(s, '\n'))
    	fmt.Println(strings.IndexRune(s, '界'))
    	fmt.Println(strings.IndexRune(s, 0))
    }
    //output:
    //-1
    //18
    //-1
    复制代码

## 2、是否包含 ##

## Contains ##

func Contains(s, substr string) bool 复制代码

Contains reports whether substr is within s.  
说明：s 是否包含 substr 字符串，返回true 或 false

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	a := "hello"
    	b := "el"
    	c := "world"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, b))
    	fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, c))
    }
    //output:
    //true
    //false
    复制代码

## ContainsAny ##

func ContainsAny(s, chars string) bool 复制代码

ContainsAny reports whether any Unicode code points in chars are within s.  
说明：在 s 中是否包含 chars 中任一字符，如果是 返回 true，不是 返回 false

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	a = "hello"
    	b = "e & o"
    	c = "ebe"
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsAny(a, b))
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsAny(a, c)) //e, b, e 是否在 "hello" 中
    }
    //output:
    //true
    //true
    复制代码

## ContainsRune ##

func ContainsRune(s string, r rune) bool
    复制代码

说明：判断字符串 s 中是否包含字符 r

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	a := "hello"
    	b := "el"
    	c := "world"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, b))
    	fmt.Println(strings.Contains(a, c))
    
    	a = "hello"
    	b = "e & o"
    	c = "ebe"
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsAny(a, b))
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsAny(a, c))
    
    	fmt.Println("======contains rune=======")
    	s := "Hello,世界!"
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsRune(s, 2))         // false
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsRune(s, rune('e'))) // true
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsRune(s, 'e'))       // true
    	fmt.Println(strings.ContainsRune(s, '界'))       //true
    }
    //output:
    //false
    //true
    //true
    //true
    复制代码

## 3、查找前缀后缀 ##

## HasPrefix ##

func HasPrefix(s, prefix string) bool 复制代码

说明：s 的前缀是否包含 prefix 字符

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix("hello", "lo")) //false
    	fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix("hello", "O"))  //false
    	fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix("Hello", "hel")) // false, 区分大小写
    	fmt.Println(strings.HasPrefix("Hello", "Hel")) //true
    }
    //output:
    //false
    //false
    //false
    //true
    复制代码

## HasSuffix ##

func HasSuffix(s, suffix string) bool 复制代码

说明：跟上面的函数 HasPrefix 相反， s 字符串后缀中是否包含 suffix 字符

## 4、计数 ##

## Count ##

[godoc.org/strings\#Cou…][godoc.org_strings_Cou]

func Count(s, substr string) int 复制代码

Count counts the number of non-overlapping instances of substr in s. If substr is an empty string, Count returns 1 + the number of Unicode code points in s.  
说明：如果substr存在s中，那么返回多少个； 如果substr 为空字符串，那么返回 s 的长度 + 1

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	fmt.Println("========Count========")
    	s := "Banana"
    	fmt.Println(strings.Count(s, "ban")) //result：0
    	fmt.Println(strings.Count(s, "ana")) //result：1
    	fmt.Println(strings.Count(s, ""))    //result：7
    }
    复制代码

# 二：比较 #

## compare ##

godoc.org的[compare][]

func Compare(a, b string) int 复制代码

Compare returns an integer comparing two strings lexicographically. The result will be  
0 if a==b,  
\-1 if a < b,  
and +1 if a > b.  
说明：a，b 2个字符串比较，如果相等，返回 0； 如果 a < b，返回 -1；如果 a > b， 返回 1；  
      区分大小写的比较

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	a := "hello"
    	b := "hello"
    	c := "world"
    	d := "llo"
    	e := "Hello"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Compare(a, b))
    	fmt.Println(strings.Compare(a, c))
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Compare(a, d))
    	fmt.Println(strings.Compare(d, a))
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Compare(a, e)) //结果为1 不相等，说明compare会区分大小写
    }
    
    //output:
    //0
    //-1
    //-1
    //1 
    //1
    复制代码

## EqualFold ##

func EqualFold(s, t string) bool 复制代码

EqualFold reports whether s and t, interpreted as UTF-8 strings, are equal under Unicode case-folding.  
说明：UTF-8字符串比较的话，**不区分大小写**

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	a := "hello"
    	e := "Hello"
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.EqualFold(a, e))
    }
    //output:
    //true
    复制代码

# 三：字符变大小写 #

## ToLower ##

func ToLower(s string) string 复制代码

说明：把字符串 s 变成大写

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.ToLower("Hello World")) //hello world
    复制代码

## ToUpper ##

func ToUpper(s string) string 复制代码

说明：把字符串 s 变大写

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.ToUpper("Hello World")) //HELLO WORLD
    复制代码

## ToTitle ##

func ToTitle(s string) string 复制代码

说明：把字符串 s 变大写

例子1：

fmt.Println(strings.ToTitle("He llo"))  //HE LLO
    复制代码

## Title ##

[godoc.org/strings\#Tit…][godoc.org_strings_Tit]

func Title(s string) string 复制代码

说明：把首字母变大写

**例子1:**

fmt.Println(strings.Title("hello world"))  //Hello World
    复制代码

## 其他一些函数 ##

用一些规则把字符变成大小写

func ToLowerSpecial(c unicode.SpecialCase, s string) string func ToUpperSpecial(c unicode.SpecialCase, s string) string func ToTitleSpecial(c unicode.SpecialCase, s string) string 复制代码

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.ToLowerSpecial(unicode.TurkishCase, "Önnek İş"))
    
    fmt.Println(strings.ToUpperSpecial(unicode.TurkishCase, "örnek iş"))
    复制代码

# 四：替换过滤 #

## Replace ##

func Replace(s, old, new string, n int) string 复制代码

说明：将字符串 s 中的 old 字符串替换为 new 字符串，n 表示替换次数， 如果 n=-1，全部替换；如果 old 为空，            则每个字符都插入一个 new 字符

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "Hello World "
    
    	fmt.Println(strings.Replace(s, " ", ",", -1)) //result: Hello,World,
    	fmt.Println(strings.Replace(s, " ", ",", 1))  //result: Hello,World
    }
    
    复制代码

## Trim ##

func Trim(s string, cutset string) string 复制代码

说明：删除字符串 s 首尾连续包含 cutset 的字符

例子1：

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "Hello World, HDHe"
      
    	fmt.Println(strings.Trim(s, "He")) //llo World, HD
    }
    
    复制代码

## TrimSpace ##

func TrimSpace(s string) string 复制代码

TrimSpace returns a slice of the string s, with all leading and trailing white space removed, as defined by Unicode.

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.TrimSpace(" \t\n Hello, Gophers \n\t\r\n")) //Hello, Gophers
    复制代码

## TrimPrefix TrimSuffix ##

func TrimPrefix(s, prefix string) string func TrimSuffix(s, suffix string) string 复制代码

说明：从第一个字符开始，过滤掉左边的字符  
          过滤掉右边的字符

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.TrimPrefix("Hello World, He", "He")) //llo World, He
    fmt.Println(strings.TrimPrefix("Hello World, He", "el")) //Hello World, He
    
    fmt.Println(strings.TrimSuffix("Hello World, He", "H"))  //Hello World, He
    fmt.Println(strings.TrimSuffix("Hello World, He", "He")) //Hello World,
    复制代码

## 其他一些过滤 ##

func TrimLeft(s string, cutset string) string func TrimRight(s string, cutset string) string 复制代码

说明： 从左边开始过滤，cutset有连续的字符在 s 中，都过滤掉  
           从右边开始过滤

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.TrimLeft("¡¡¡Hello, Gophers!!!", "!¡Ho")) //ello, Gophers!!!
    fmt.Println(strings.TrimLeft("¡¡¡Hello, Gophers!!!", "!¡e"))  //Hello, Gophers!!!
    fmt.Println(strings.TrimLeft("¡¡¡Hello, Gophers!!!", "!el"))  //¡¡¡Hello, Gophers!!!
    复制代码

带有处理方法的函数：

func TrimLeftFunc(s string, f func(rune) bool) string func TrimRightFunc(s string, f func(rune) bool) string 复制代码

说明：用函数来处理字符

**例子1：**

fmt.Println(strings.TrimLeftFunc("¡¡¡Hello, Gophers!!!", func(r rune) bool {
    		return !unicode.IsLetter(r) && !unicode.IsNumber(r)
    })) //Hello, Gophers!!!
    
    fmt.Println(strings.TrimRightFunc("¡¡¡Hello, Gophers!!!", func(r rune) bool {
        return !unicode.IsLetter(r) && !unicode.IsNumber(r)
    })) //¡¡¡Hello, Gophers
    复制代码

# 五：分割和连接 #

## Split SplitAfter ##

func Split(s, sep string) []string //按照 sep 进行分割 func SplitAfter(s, sep string) []string //把分割字符 sep 也带上 复制代码

**例子1:**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "Hello World, HDHe, gopher!"
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.Split(s, ",")) //["Hello World" " HDHe" " gopher!"]
    
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.Split("o Hello World, gopher", "o "))
    	//output: ["" "Hell" "World, gopher"]
    
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.Split("Hello World", ""))
    	//["H" "e" "l" "l" "o" " " "W" "o" "r" "l" "d"]
    }
    
    复制代码

**例子2：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.SplitAfter("Hello, World, Go", ",")) 
      //["Hello," " World," " Go"]
    }
    
    复制代码

## SplitN SplitAfterN ##

func SplitN(s, sep string, n int) []string //根据分隔符来分割字符串，n 表示分成多少份 func SplitAfterN(s, sep string, n int) []string //把分隔符sep也带上，n 表示分成多少份 复制代码

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.SplitN("Hello, World, Go, He", ",", 2))      //["Hello" " World, Go, He"]
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.SplitAfterN("Hello, World, Go, He", ",", 2)) //["Hello," " World, Go, He"]
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", strings.SplitAfterN("Hello, World, Go, He", ",", 3)) //["Hello," " World," " Go, He"]
    }
    
    复制代码

## Join ##

func Join(a []string, sep string) string 复制代码

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	fmt.Println(strings.Join([]string{
        "hello", "world"}, ", ")) //hello, world
    }
    复制代码

# 六：字符读写 #

## Builder ##

**结构体**

// A Builder is used to efficiently build a string using Write methods.
    // It minimizes memory copying. The zero value is ready to use.
    // Do not copy a non-zero Builder.
    type Builder struct {
    	addr *Builder // of receiver, to detect copies by value
    	buf  []byte
    }
    复制代码

A Builder is used to efficiently build a string using Write methods. It minimizes memory copying. The zero value is ready to use. Do not copy a non-zero Builder.  
这个结构能使写字符时候更加高效，使用更小的内存

在Go 1.10以前我们hi怎么做的呢？

package main
    
    import (
    	"bytes"
    	"fmt"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	//以前我们这样来做
    	fmt.Println("=====bytesbuffer====")
    	var buf bytes.Buffer
    	for i, p := range []int{
        2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} {
    		fmt.Fprintf(&buf, "%d:%d, ", i+1, p)
    	}
    	buf.Truncate(buf.Len() - 2) // Remove trailing ", "
    	s := buf.String()           // Copy into a new string
    	fmt.Println(s)
    
    
    	/** output: =====bytesbuffer==== 1:2, 2:3, 3:5, 4:7, 5:11, 6:13 **/
    }
    复制代码

现在我们可以用builder了

package main
    
    import (
    	"bytes"
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	fmt.Println("=======Builder=======")
    	//现在我们可以这样做
    	var b strings.Builder
    	b.Grow(32)
    	for i, p := range []int{
        2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13} {
    		fmt.Fprintf(&b, "%d:%d, ", i+1, p)
    	}
    	s := b.String()   // no copying
    	s = s[:b.Len()-2] // no copying (removes trailing ", ")
    	fmt.Println(s)
    
    	/** output: =======Builder======= 1:2, 2:3, 3:5, 4:7, 5:11, 6:13 **/
    }
    复制代码

## Reader ##

结构体

// A Reader implements the io.Reader, io.ReaderAt, io.Seeker, io.WriterTo,
    // io.ByteScanner, and io.RuneScanner interfaces by reading
    // from a string.
    // The zero value for Reader operates like a Reader of an empty string.
    type Reader struct {
    	s        string
    	i        int64 // current reading index
    	prevRune int   // index of previous rune; or < 0
    }
    
    // Reader 结构通过读取字符串，实现了 io.Reader，io.ReaderAt，
    // io.Seeker，io.WriterTo，io.ByteScanner，io.RuneScanner 接口
    复制代码

// NewReader returns a new Reader reading from s.
    // It is similar to bytes.NewBufferString but more efficient and read-only.
    
    // 通过字符串 s 创建 strings.Reader 对象
    // 这个函数类似于 bytes.NewBufferString
    // 但比 bytes.NewBufferString 更有效率，而且只读
    func NewReader(s string) *Reader { return &Reader{s, 0, -1} }
    复制代码

**计算长度 Len**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "Hello, World"
    	r := strings.NewReader(s)
    
    	fmt.Println(r.Len()) //12
    }
    复制代码

**读取数据**

func (r *Reader) Read(b []byte) (n int, err error) func (r *Reader) ReadAt(b []byte, off int64) (n int, err error) func (r *Reader) ReadByte() (byte, error) func (r *Reader) ReadRune() (ch rune, size int, err error) 复制代码

**例子1：**

package main
    
    import (
    	"fmt"
    	"strings"
    )
    
    func main() {
    	s := "Hello, World"
    	r := strings.NewReader(s)
    
    	fmt.Println(r.Len()) //12
    
    	b := make([]byte, 5)
    	for n, _ := r.Read(b); n > 0; n, _ = r.Read(b) {
    		fmt.Printf("%q, ", b[:n])
    	}
    	//"Hello", ", Wor", "ld",
    
    	fmt.Println("======ReadAt========")
    
    	r = strings.NewReader(s) //创建reader
    	b = make([]byte, 5)      //创建长度为 5 个字节的缓冲区
    	n, _ := r.ReadAt(b, 0)
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", b[:n]) //"Hello"
    
    	n, _ = r.ReadAt(b, 7)
    	fmt.Printf("%q\n", b[:n]) //"World"
    
    	// 读取 r 中的一个字节
    	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
    		b, _ := r.ReadByte()
    		fmt.Printf("%q, ", b) // 'H', 'e', 'l',
    	}
    
    }
    复制代码

# 参考： #

[godoc.org/strings][godoc.org]  
[yourbasic.org/golang/stri…][yourbasic.org_golang_stri]  
[www.cnblogs.com/golove/p/32…][www.cnblogs.com_golove_p_32]

[godoc.org]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Fstrings
[godoc.org 1]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Fstrings%23Index
[godoc.org_strings_Cou]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Fstrings%23Count
[compare]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Fstrings%23Compare
[godoc.org_strings_Tit]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fgodoc.org%2Fstrings%23Title
[yourbasic.org_golang_stri]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fyourbasic.org%2Fgolang%2Fstring-functions-reference-cheat-sheet%2F
[www.cnblogs.com_golove_p_32]: https://link.juejin.im?target=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnblogs.com%2Fgolove%2Fp%2F3236300.html