阳光穿透心脏的1/2处 2022-01-15 05:51 280阅读 0赞

Each of the above directory (which is a file, at the first place) contains important information, required for booting to device drivers, configuration files, etc. Describing briefly the purpose of each directory, we are starting hierarchically.

1.  **/bin** : All the executable binary programs (file) required during booting, repairing, files required to run into single-user-mode, and other important, basic commands **viz.**, [cat][], [du][], [df][], [tar][], [rpm][], [wc, ][wc_][history][], etc.
2.  **/boot** : Holds important files during [boot-up process][], including **Linux Kernel**.
3.  **/dev** : Contains device files for all the hardware devices on the machine e.g., **cdrom**, **cpu**, etc
4.  **/etc** : Contains Application’s configuration files, **startup**, **shutdown**, **start**, **stop** script for every individual program.
5.  **/home** : Home directory of the users. Every time a new user is created, a directory in the name of user is created within home directory which contains other directories like **Desktop**, **Downloads**, **Documents**, etc.
6.  **/lib** : The Lib directory contains **kernel modules** and **shared library** p\_w\_picpaths required to boot the system and run commands in root file system.
7.  **/lost+found** : This Directory is installed during installation of **Linux**, useful for recovering files which may be broken due to unexpected **shut-down**.
8.  **/media** : Temporary mount directory is created for removable devices viz., **media/cdrom**.
9.  **/mnt** : Temporary mount directory for [mounting file system][].
10. **/opt** : Optional is abbreviated as opt. Contains third party application software. Viz., [Java][], etc.
11. **/proc** : A virtual and pseudo file-system which contains information about **running process** with a particular **Process-id** aka **pid**.
12. **/root** : This is the home directory of root user and should never be confused with **‘/**‘
13. **/run** : This directory is the only clean solution for **early-runtime-dir** problem.
14. **/sbin** : Contains binary executable programs, required by **System Administrator**, for **Maintenance**. Viz., [iptables][], [fdisk][], [ifconfig][], swapon, reboot, etc.
15. **/srv** : Service is abbreviated as ‘**srv**‘. This directory contains server specific and service related files.
16. **/sys** : Modern Linux distributions include a **/sys** directory as a **virtual filesystem**, which stores and allows modification of the devices connected to the system.
17. **/tmp** :System’s Temporary Directory, Accessible by users and root. Stores temporary files for **user** and **system**, till next boot.
18. **/usr** : Contains executable **binaries**, **documentation**, **source code**, **libraries** for second level program.
19. **/var** : Stands for variable. The contents of this file is expected to grow. This directory contains **log**, **lock**, **spool**, **mail** and **temp** files.

### Exploring Important file, their location and their Usability ###

**Linux** is a complex system which requires a more complex and efficient way to **start**, **stop**, **maintain** and **reboot** a system unlike **Windows**. There is a well defined configuration **files**, **binaries**, **man pages**, **info files**, etc. for every **process** in **Linux**.

1.  **/boot/vmlinz** : The **Linux Kernel** file.
2.  **/dev/hda** : Device file for the first **IDE HDD** (**Hard Disk Drive**)
3.  **/dev/hdc** : Device file for the **IDE Cdrom**, commonly
4.  **/dev/null** : A pseudo device, that don’t exist. Sometime garbage output is redirected to **/dev/null**, so that it gets lost, forever.
5.  **/etc/bashrc** : Contains system **defaults** and **aliases** used by bash shell.
6.  **/etc/crontab** : A [shell script][] to run specified commands on a predefined time Interval.
7.  **/etc/exports** : Information of the file system available on **network**.
8.  **/etc/fstab** : Information of **Disk Drive** and their mount point.
9.  **/etc/group** : Information of **Security Group**.
10. **/etc/grub.conf** : grub **bootloader** configuration file.
11. **/etc/init.d** : Service **startup** Script.
12. **/etc/lilo.conf** : lilo **bootloader** configuration file.
13. **/etc/hosts** : Information of **Ip addresses** and corresponding **host names**.
14. **/etc/hosts.allow** : List of **hosts allowed** to access services on the local machine.
15. **/etc/host.deny** : List of **hosts denied** to access services on the local machine.
16. **/etc/inittab** : INIT process and their interaction at various **run level**.
17. **/etc/issue** : Allows to edit the **pre-login** message.
18. **/etc/modules.conf** : Configuration files for **system modules**.
19. **/etc/motd** : [motd][] stands for **Message Of The Day**, The Message users gets upon login.
20. **/etc/mtab** : Currently mounted **blocks** information.
21. **/etc/passwd** : Contains **password** of system **users** in a shadow file, a security implementation.
22. **/etc/printcap** : **Printer** Information
23. **/etc/profile** : Bash shell **defaults**
24. **/etc/profile.d** : Application script, executed after **login**.
25. **/etc/rc.d** : Information about **run level** specific script.
26. **/etc/rc.d/init.d** : Run Level **Initialisation** Script.
27. **/etc/resolv.conf** : Domain Name Servers (**DNS**) being used by System.
28. **/etc/securetty** : Terminal List, where **root** login is possible.
29. **/etc/skel** : Script that populates new user **home** directory.
30. **/etc/termcap** : An **ASCII** file that defines the behaviour of **Terminal**, **console** and **printers**.
31. **/etc/X11** : Configuration files of **X-window** System.
32. **/usr/bin** : Normal user **executable** commands.
33. **/usr/bin/X11** : Binaries of **X windows** System.
34. **/usr/include** : Contains include files used by ‘**c**‘ program.
35. **/usr/share** : Shared directories of **man files**, **info files**, etc.
36. **/usr/lib** : Library files which are required during program **compilation**.
37. **/usr/sbin** : Commands for **Super User**, for System Administration.
38. **/proc/cpuinfo** : **CPU** Information
39. **/proc/filesystems** : File-system **Information** being used currently.
40. **/proc/interrupts** : Information about the current **interrupts** being utilised currently.
41. **/proc/ioports** : Contains all the **Input**/**Output** addresses used by devices on the server.
42. **/proc/meminfo** : **Memory Usages** Information.
43. **/proc/modules** : Currently using **kernel** module.
44. **/proc/mount** : Mounted **File-system** Information.
45. **/proc/stat** : Detailed **Statistics** of the current System.
46. **/proc/swaps** : **Swap** File Information.
47. **/version** : Linux **Version** Information.
48. **/var/log/lastlog** : log of last **boot** process.
49. **/var/log/messages** : log of messages produced by **syslog** daemon at boot.
50. **/var/log/wtmp** : list login **time** and **duration** of each user on the system currently.

转载于:https://blog.51cto.com/mianhuhu/1298090

[cat]: http://www.tecmint.com/13-basic-cat-command-examples-in-linux/
[du]: http://www.tecmint.com/check-linux-disk-usage-of-files-and-directories/
[df]: http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-check-disk-space-in-linux/
[tar]: http://www.tecmint.com/18-tar-command-examples-in-linux/
[rpm]: http://www.tecmint.com/20-practical-examples-of-rpm-commands-in-linux/
[wc_]: http://www.tecmint.com/wc-command-examples/
[history]: http://www.tecmint.com/history-command-examples/
[boot-up process]: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-boot-process/
[mounting file system]: http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-mount-and-unmount-an-iso-p_w_picpath-in-linux/
[Java]: http://www.tecmint.com/install-jdk-jre-on-rhe-centos-6-5-and-fedora-17-12/
[iptables]: http://www.tecmint.com/basic-guide-on-iptables-linux-firewall-tips-commands/
[fdisk]: http://www.tecmint.com/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/
[ifconfig]: http://www.tecmint.com/ifconfig-command-examples/
[shell script]: http://www.tecmint.com/category/bash-shell/
[motd]: http://www.tecmint.com/protect-ssh-logins-with-ssh-motd-banner-messages/