requests库快速上手—用法整理大全

ゝ一纸荒年。 2022-01-11 03:21 214阅读 0赞

# 发送请求 #

> > r = requests.get(‘[https://api.github.com/events][https_api.github.com_events]’)

> > r = requests.post(‘[http://httpbin.org/post][http_httpbin.org_post]’, data = \{‘key’:‘value’\})

> > r = requests.put(‘[http://httpbin.org/put][http_httpbin.org_put]’, data = \{‘key’:‘value’\})

> > r = requests.delete(‘[http://httpbin.org/delete][http_httpbin.org_delete]’)

> > r = requests.head(‘[http://httpbin.org/get][http_httpbin.org_get]’)

> > r = requests.options(‘[http://httpbin.org/get][http_httpbin.org_get]’)

# 传递URL参数 #

> > payload = \{‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: ‘value2’\}  
> > r = requests.get(“[http://httpbin.org/get][http_httpbin.org_get]”, params=payload)

> > payload = \{‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: \[‘value2’, ‘value3’\]\}  
> > r = requests.get(‘[http://httpbin.org/get][http_httpbin.org_get]’, params=payload)

# 响应内容 #

> > import requests  
> > r = requests.get(‘[https://api.github.com/events][https_api.github.com_events]’)  
> > r.text  
> > r.content

# JSON 响应内容 #

> > r = requests.get(‘[https://api.github.com/events][https_api.github.com_events]’)  
> > r.json()

# 原始响应内容 #

> > r = requests.get(‘[https://api.github.com/events][https_api.github.com_events]’, stream=True)  
> > r.raw

# 定制请求头 #

> > url = ‘[https://api.github.com/some/endpoint][https_api.github.com_some_endpoint]’  
> > headers = \{‘user-agent’: ‘my-app/0.0.1’\}  
> > r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)

# 更加复杂的 POST 请求 #

> > payload = \{‘key1’: ‘value1’, ‘key2’: ‘value2’\}  
> > r = requests.post(“[http://httpbin.org/post][http_httpbin.org_post]”, data=payload)  
> > print(r.text)

> > payload = ((‘key1’, ‘value1’), (‘key1’, ‘value2’))  
> > r = requests.post(‘[http://httpbin.org/post][http_httpbin.org_post]’, data=payload)  
> > print(r.text)

> > import json  
> > url = ‘[https://api.github.com/some/endpoint][https_api.github.com_some_endpoint]’  
> > payload = \{‘some’: ‘data’\}  
> > r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))

# POST一个多部分编码(Multipart-Encoded)的文件 #

> > url = ‘[http://httpbin.org/post][http_httpbin.org_post]’  
> > files = \{‘file’: open(‘report.xls’, ‘rb’)\}  
> > r = requests.post(url, files=files)  
> > r.text

> > url = ‘[http://httpbin.org/post][http_httpbin.org_post]’  
> > files = \{‘file’: (‘report.xls’, open(‘report.xls’, ‘rb’), ‘application/vnd.ms-excel’, \{‘Expires’: ‘0’\})\}  
> > r = requests.post(url, files=files)  
> > r.text

> > url = ‘[http://httpbin.org/post][http_httpbin.org_post]’  
> > files = \{‘file’: (‘report.csv’, ‘some,data,to,send\\nanother,row,to,send\\n’)\}  
> > r = requests.post(url, files=files)  
> > r.text

# 响应状态码 #

> > r = requests.get(‘[http://httpbin.org/get][http_httpbin.org_get]’)  
> > r.status\_code  
> > r.status\_code == requests.codes.ok  
> > True

## 抛出异常 ##

> > bad\_r = requests.get(‘[http://httpbin.org/status/404][http_httpbin.org_status_404]’)  
> > bad\_r.status\_code  
> > 404

> > bad\_r.raise\_for\_status()  
> > Traceback (most recent call last):  
> > File “requests/models.py”, line 832, in raise\_for\_status  
> > raise http\_error  
> > requests.exceptions.HTTPError: 404 Client Error

# 响应头 #

> > r.headers  
> > \{  
> > ‘content-encoding’: ‘gzip’,  
> > ‘transfer-encoding’: ‘chunked’,  
> > ‘connection’: ‘close’,  
> > ‘server’: ‘nginx/1.0.4’,  
> > ‘x-runtime’: ‘148ms’,  
> > ‘etag’: ‘“e1ca502697e5c9317743dc078f67693f”’,  
> > ‘content-type’: ‘application/json’  
> > \}

> > r.headers\[‘Content-Type’\]  
> > ‘application/json’
> 
> > r.headers.get(‘content-type’)  
> > ‘application/json’

# Cookie #

> > url = ‘[http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url][http_example.com_some_cookie_setting_url]’  
> > r = requests.get(url)

> > r.cookies\[‘example\_cookie\_name’\]  
> > ‘example\_cookie\_value’

> > url = ‘[http://httpbin.org/cookies][http_httpbin.org_cookies]’  
> > cookies = dict(cookies\_are=‘working’)

> > r = requests.get(url, cookies=cookies)  
> > r.text  
> > ‘\{“cookies”: \{“cookies\_are”: “working”\}\}’

> > jar = requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar()  
> > jar.set(‘tasty\_cookie’, ‘yum’, domain=‘[httpbin.org][]’, path=’/cookies’)  
> > jar.set(‘gross\_cookie’, ‘blech’, domain=‘[httpbin.org][]’, path=’/elsewhere’)  
> > url = ‘[http://httpbin.org/cookies][http_httpbin.org_cookies]’  
> > r = requests.get(url, cookies=jar)  
> > r.text  
> > ‘\{“cookies”: \{“tasty\_cookie”: “yum”\}\}’

# 重定向与请求历史 #

> > r = requests.get(‘[http://github.com][http_github.com]’)  
> > r.url  
> > ‘[https://github.com/][https_github.com]’
> 
> > r.status\_code  
> > 200
> 
> > r.history  
> > \[<Response \[301\]>\]

> > r = requests.get(‘[http://github.com][http_github.com]’, allow\_redirects=False)  
> > r.status\_code  
> > 301
> 
> > r.history  
> > \[\]

> > r = requests.head(‘[http://github.com][http_github.com]’, allow\_redirects=True)  
> > r.url  
> > ‘[https://github.com/][https_github.com]’
> 
> > r.history  
> > \[<Response \[301\]>\]

# 超时 #

> > requests.get(‘[http://github.com][http_github.com]’, timeout=0.001)  
> > Traceback (most recent call last):  
> > File “”, line 1, in  
> > requests.exceptions.Timeout: HTTPConnectionPool(host=‘[github.com][http_github.com]’, port=80): Request timed out. (timeout=0.001)

# 错误与异常 #

> > 遇到网络问题（如：DNS 查询失败、拒绝连接等）时，>> Requests 会抛出一个 ConnectionError 异常。

> > 如果 HTTP 请求返回了不成功的状态码， Response.raise\_for\_status() 会抛出一个 HTTPError 异常。

> > 若请求超时，则抛出一个 Timeout 异常。

> > 若请求超过了设定的最大重定向次数，则会抛出一个 TooManyRedirects 异常。

> > 所有Requests显式抛出的异常都继承自 requests.exceptions.RequestException 。

[https_api.github.com_events]: https://api.github.com/events
[http_httpbin.org_post]: http://httpbin.org/post
[http_httpbin.org_put]: http://httpbin.org/put
[http_httpbin.org_delete]: http://httpbin.org/delete
[http_httpbin.org_get]: http://httpbin.org/get
[https_api.github.com_some_endpoint]: https://api.github.com/some/endpoint
[http_httpbin.org_status_404]: http://httpbin.org/status/404
[http_example.com_some_cookie_setting_url]: http://example.com/some/cookie/setting/url
[http_httpbin.org_cookies]: http://httpbin.org/cookies
[httpbin.org]: http://httpbin.org
[http_github.com]: http://github.com
[https_github.com]: https://github.com/