04: DjangoRestFramework使用

梦里梦外; 2021-11-23 16:58 281阅读 0赞

## [Django其他篇][Django] ##

### 目录： ###

*  1.1 DjangoRestFramework基本使用
 *   1.2 drf认证&权限 模块
 *  1.3 djangorestframework 序列化
 *   1.4 djangorestframework 分页

### 1.1 DjangoRestFramework基本使用     返回顶部 ###

**　　1、回顾CBV基本使用**

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from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import path,re_path,include
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        re_path(r'users/',include(('users.urls', 'users'), namespace='users'))
    ]

urls.py

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users/urls.py

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import json
    from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse
    from django.views import View
    
    class HomeView(View):
    
        def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            return super(HomeView, self).dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)
    
        def get(self, request):
            return HttpResponse('get')
    
        def post(self, request):
            return HttpResponse('post')

users/views.py

**　　2、安装DjangoRestFramework**

pip install djangorestframework==3.9.2
    pip install markdown==3.0.1                  # Markdown support for the browsable API.
    pip install django-filter==2.1.0             # Filtering support

**　　3、DjangoRestFramework 基本使用**

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urls.py

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from django.urls import path,re_path,include
    from users import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        re_path(r'info', views.UserInfoViewSet.as_view(), name='user'),
    ]

users/urls.py

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from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from django.http import JsonResponse
    
    class UserInfoViewSet(APIView):
        def __init__(self):
            super(UserInfoViewSet, self).__init__()
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            result = {
                'status': True,
                'data': 'response data'
            }
            return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            result = {
                'status': True,
                'data': 'response data'
            }
            return JsonResponse(result, status=200)

users/views.py

### 1.2 drf认证&权限 模块     返回顶部 ###

**　　1、authentication基本使用**

class UserInfoViewSet(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [authentication.IsAuthenticated,]  # 用户认证模块
        permission_classes = (authentication.IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)    # 用户授权模块

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urls.py

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#! /usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    from django.urls import path,re_path,include
    from users import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        re_path(r'info', views.UserInfoViewSet.as_view(), name='user'),
    ]

users/urls.py

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from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from django.http import JsonResponse
    from common.auth import authentication
    
    class UserInfoViewSet(APIView):
        authentication_classes = [authentication.IsAuthenticated,]
        permission_classes = (authentication.IsOwnerOrReadOnly,)
    
        def __init__(self):
            super(UserInfoViewSet, self).__init__()
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            result = {
                'status': True,
                'data': 'response data'
            }
            return JsonResponse(result, status=200)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            result = {
                'status': True,
                'data': 'response data'
            }
            return JsonResponse(result, status=200)

users/views.py

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#! /usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework import authentication
    from rest_framework import exceptions
    from rest_framework import permissions
    
    class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
        def has_permission(self, request, view):
            if False:  # 这里暂且不进行权限验证
                raise exceptions.ParseError('您没有操作的权限')
            return True
    
    class IsAuthenticated(authentication.BaseAuthentication):
        def authenticate(self, request):
            auth = request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', None)  # 获取 header中的 Authorization
            if auth is None:
                raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated()
    
            '''这里应该是验证token是否合法逻辑'''
            # token = Token.objects.filter(key=auth)
            # try:
            #     request.user = token[0].user
            # except IndexError:
            #     raise exceptions.NotAuthenticated('Invalid input Authenticated')
            return (request, None)
    
        def authenticate_header(self, request):
            msg = 'Invalid token.Please get token first'
            return exceptions.NotAuthenticated(msg)

common\\auth\\authentication.py

** 　　2、测试接口 **

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### 1.3 djangorestframework 序列化     返回顶部 ###

**　　　　![1080958-20190608123957991-1767044880.png][]    ![1080958-20190608124145607-1381834048.png][]    ![1080958-20190608124345627-376045533.png][]    ![1080958-20190608124755552-78905349.png][]**

**　　1、序列化使用举例（**serializers.Serializer**）**

'''1、ser = UserInfoSerializer(instance=obj,many=True)'''
    # 对查询实例进行序列化 # ser.data 获取序列化后的json格式数据
    
    '''2、定义显示的字段''' name = serializers.CharField()                         # 显示普通字段
    ut = serializers.CharField(source='ut.type_name')      # 显示一对多字段
    gp = serializers.SerializerMethodField()               # 自定义显示（显示多对多）
    xxx = serializers.CharField(source='name')             # 也可以自定义显示字段名称

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urls.py

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'''users/urls.py'''
    
    from django.urls import path,re_path
    from users import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        re_path(r'^info/$', views.UserInfoViewSet.as_view(), name='userinfo'),
    ]

users/urls.py

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'''users/models.py'''
    
    from __future__ import unicode_literals
    from django.db import models
    
    class UserInfo(models.Model):
        name = models.CharField(max_length=64,unique=True)
        ut = models.ForeignKey(to='UserType', on_delete=models.CASCADE)
        gp = models.ManyToManyField(to='UserGroup')
    
    class UserType(models.Model):
        type_name = models.CharField(max_length=64,unique=True)
    
    class UserGroup(models.Model):
        group = models.CharField(max_length=64)

users/models.py

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''' users/views.py'''
    
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.views import Response
    from users.serializers.userinfo_serializers import UserInfoSerializer
    from users.models import UserInfo
    
    class UserInfoViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            obj = UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = UserInfoSerializer(instance=obj,many=True)
            # ret = json.dumps(ser.data,ensure_ascii=False)
            # return HttpResponse(ret)
            return Response(ser.data, status=200)
    
    '''
    [{
        "name": "zhangsan",
        "ut": "学生",
        "gp": [{
            "id": 1,
            "gp": "group01"
        }, {
            "id": 2,
            "gp": "group02"
        }],
        "xxx": "zhangsan"
    }, {
        "name": "lisi",
        "ut": "学生",
        "gp": [{
            "id": 1,
            "gp": "group01"
        }],
        "xxx": "lisi"
    }]

users/views.py

'''users/serializers/userinfo_serializers.py'''
    
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from users.models import UserInfo
    
    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
        name = serializers.CharField()                         # 显示普通字段
        ut = serializers.CharField(source='ut.type_name')      # 显示一对多字段
        gp = serializers.SerializerMethodField()               # 自定义显示（显示多对多）
        xxx = serializers.CharField(source='name')             # 也可以自定义显示字段名称
    
        class Meta:
            model = UserInfo
    
        def get_gp(self,row):
            '''row: 传过来的正是 UserInfo表的对象'''
            gp_obj_list = row.gp.all()  # 获取用户所有组
            ret = []
            for item in gp_obj_list:
                ret.append({
         'id':item.id,'gp':item.group})
            return ret

**　　2、序列化使用举例（**serializers.ModelSerializer**）**

1. ModelSerializer本质是继承了Serielizer类添加了部分功能

2. 在使用上ModelSerializer可以使用     fields = '\_\_all\_\_'     定义要显示的字段

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'''users/serializers/userinfo_serializers.py'''
    
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from users.models import UserInfo
    
    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        # name = serializers.CharField()                       # 显示普通字段
        ut = serializers.CharField(source='ut.type_name')     # 显示一对多字段
        gp = serializers.SerializerMethodField()               # 自定义显示（显示多对多）
        xxx = serializers.CharField(source='name')             # 也可以自定义显示字段名称
    
        class Meta:
            model = UserInfo
            # fields = "__all__"
            fields = ["name",'ut','gp','xxx']  # 定义显示那些字段
    
        def get_gp(self,row):
            '''row: 传过来的正是 UserInfo表的对象'''
            gp_obj_list = row.gp.all()  # 获取用户所有组
            ret = []
            for item in gp_obj_list:
                ret.append({
          'id':item.id,'gp':item.group})
            return ret

serializers.ModelSerializer使用

**　　3、使用serializers.ModelSerializer 进行数据验证**

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from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from users.serializers.userinfo_serializers import UserInfoSerializer
    from users.models import UserInfo
    
    class UserInfoViewSet(APIView):
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            obj = UserInfo.objects.all()
            ser = UserInfoSerializer(instance=obj,many=True)
            ret = json.dumps(ser.data,ensure_ascii=False)
            return HttpResponse(ret)
    
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            ser = UserInfoSerializer(data=request.data)          # 验证，对请求发来的数据进行验证
            if ser.is_valid():
                print(ser.validated_data)  # post请求数据字典
            else:
                print(ser.errors)  # form验证错误信息
            return HttpResponse(json.dumps({
         'status':True}))

users/views.py

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'''users/serializers/userinfo_serializers.py'''
    
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError
    from users.models import UserInfo
    
    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
        name = serializers.CharField(min_length=10, error_messages={
         'required': '该字段必填'})                       # 显示普通字段
        ut = serializers.CharField(source='ut.type_name',required=False)     # 显示一对多字段
        gp = serializers.SerializerMethodField(required=False)               # 自定义显示（显示多对多）
        xxx = serializers.CharField(source='name', required=False)             # 也可以自定义显示字段名称
    
        class Meta:
            model = UserInfo
            # fields = "__all__"
            fields = ["name",'ut','gp','xxx']  # 定义显示那些字段
    
        # 局部钩子:
        def validate_name(self, value):  # value 是name字段提交的值
            if value.startswith('sb'):  # 不能以sb开头
                raise ValidationError('不能以sb开头')
            else:
                return value
    
        # 全局钩子找到了
        def validate(self, value):  # value是所有校验通过数据的字典
            name = value.get('name')
            if False:
                raise ValidationError('全局钩子引发异常')
            return value

users/serializers/userinfo\_serializers.py

'''1、ser.is_valid()'''
    # 验证post请求中数据是否合法
    
    '''2、全局校验钩子'''
    def validate(self, value):        # value是所有校验通过数据的字典
    
    '''3、局部钩子'''
    def validate_name(self, value):   # value 是name字段提交的值

### 1.4 djangorestframework 分页     返回顶部 ###

***　　1、分页中基本语法***

'''1、实例化一个Paginator对象'''
    paginator = Paginator(objs, page_size)    # paginator对象
    
    '''2、获取总数量&总页数'''
    total_count = paginator.count   # 总数量
    total = paginator.num_pages     # 总页数
    
    '''3、使用objs对象获取指定页数内容'''
    objs = paginator.page(page)
    
    '''4、对分页后的数据进行序列化操作'''
    serializer = Serializer(objs, many=True)    # 序列化操作

** 　　2、分页模块使用举例**

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#!/usr/bin/python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    from django.conf import settings
    from rest_framework import status
    from django.core.paginator import EmptyPage, Paginator, PageNotAnInteger
    from rest_framework.views import Response
    
    
    def Paginators(objs, request, Serializer):
        """
        objs : 实体对象, queryset
        request : 请求对象
        Serializer : 对应实体对象的类
        page_size : 每页显示多少条数据
        page  ： 显示第几页数据
        total_count ：总共有多少条数据
        total ：总页数
        """
        try:
            page_size = int(request.GET.get('page_size', settings.REST_FRAMEWORK['PAGE_SIZE']))
            page = int(request.GET.get('page', 1))
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            return Response(status=400)
    
        paginator = Paginator(objs, page_size)    # paginator对象
        total_count = paginator.count
        total = paginator.num_pages    # 总页数
        try:
            objs = paginator.page(page)
        except PageNotAnInteger:
            objs = paginator.page(1)
        except EmptyPage:
            objs = paginator.page(paginator.num_pages)
        serializer = Serializer(objs, many=True)    # 序列化操作
        return Response(
            data={
                'detail': serializer.data,
                'page': page,
                'page_size': page_size,
                'total': total,
                'total_count': total_count
            }
        )

common/utils/api\_paginator.py 自定义分页模块

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#  分页
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        # 全局分页
        'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
        # 关闭api root页面展示
        'DEFAULT_RENDERER_CLASSES': (
            'rest_framework.renderers.JSONRenderer',
        ),
        'UNICODE_JSON': False,
        # 自定义异常处理
        'EXCEPTION_HANDLER': (
                'common.utils.custom_exception_handler'
            ),
        'PAGE_SIZE': 10
    }

settings.py

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'''users/serializers/userinfo_serializers.py'''
    
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from users.models import UserInfo
    
    class UserInfoSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
        name = serializers.CharField()                         # 显示普通字段
        ut = serializers.CharField(source='ut.type_name')      # 显示一对多字段
        gp = serializers.SerializerMethodField()               # 自定义显示（显示多对多）
        xxx = serializers.CharField(source='name')             # 也可以自定义显示字段名称
    
        class Meta:
            model = UserInfo
    
        def get_gp(self,row):
            '''row: 传过来的正是 UserInfo表的对象'''
            gp_obj_list = row.gp.all()  # 获取用户所有组
            ret = []
            for item in gp_obj_list:
                ret.append({
          'id':item.id,'gp':item.group})
            return ret

users/serializers/userinfo\_serializer.py

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''' users/views.py'''
    
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.views import Response
    from users.serializers.userinfo_serializers import UserInfoSerializer
    from users.models import UserInfo
    from common.utils.api_paginator import Paginators
    
    class UserInfoViewSet(APIView):
        queryset = UserInfo.objects.all().order_by('id')
        serializer_class = UserInfoSerializer
    
        def get(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            self.queryset = self.queryset.all()
            ret = Paginators(self.queryset, request, self.serializer_class)
            print(json.dumps(ret.data))  # ret.data 返回的是最终查询的json数据
            return Response(ret.data)
    
    # http://127.0.0.1:8000/users/info/?page_size=1
    '''
    {
        "detail": [
            {
                "name": "zhangsan",
                "ut": "学生",
                "gp": [
                    {
                        "id": 1,
                        "gp": "group01"
                    },
                    {
                        "id": 2,
                        "gp": "group02"
                    }
                ],
                "xxx": "zhangsan"
            }
        ],
        "page": 1,
        "page_size": 1,
        "total": 3,
        "total_count": 3
    }
    '''

users/views.py

###  1.5 JWT：使用djangorestframework-jwt模块进行用户身份验证 ###

**安装：** pip install djangorestframework-jwt

**添加应用：**python manage.py users

**官方网站：**[http://getblimp.github.io/django-rest-framework-jwt/\#rest-framework-jwt-auth][http_getblimp.github.io_django-rest-framework-jwt_rest-framework-jwt-auth]

** 　　1、配置使用JWT**

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########### 1、在INSTALLED_APPS中加入'rest_framework.authtoken', #################
    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        '''
        'rest_framework.authtoken',  # 
        '''
    ]
    
    ################### 2、配置jwt验证 ######################
    REST_FRAMEWORK = {
        # 身份认证
        'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
            'rest_framework_jwt.authentication.JSONWebTokenAuthentication',
            'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
            'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',
        ),
    }
    
    import datetime
    
    JWT_AUTH = {
        'JWT_AUTH_HEADER_PREFIX': 'JWT',
        'JWT_EXPIRATION_DELTA': datetime.timedelta(days=1),
    }
    AUTH_USER_MODEL='users.User'  # 指定使用users APP中的 model User进行验证

**settings.py**配置使用JWT

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from django.db import models
    from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
    
    
    class User(AbstractUser):
        username = models.CharField(max_length=64, unique=True)
        password = models.CharField(max_length=64)
        phone = models.CharField(max_length=64)
        token = models.CharField(max_length=255)

**users/models.py** 添加用户认证的User表

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#! /usr/bin/env python
    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
    from rest_framework_jwt.settings import api_settings
    from rest_framework import serializers
    from users.models import User
    
    class UserSerializer(serializers.Serializer):
        username = serializers.CharField()
        password = serializers.CharField()
        phone = serializers.CharField()
        token = serializers.CharField(read_only=True)
    
        def create(self, data):
            user = User.objects.create(**data)
            user.set_password(data.get('password'))
            user.save()
            # 补充生成记录登录状态的token
            jwt_payload_handler = api_settings.JWT_PAYLOAD_HANDLER
            jwt_encode_handler = api_settings.JWT_ENCODE_HANDLER
            payload = jwt_payload_handler(user)
            token = jwt_encode_handler(payload)
            user.token = token
            return user

**users/serializers.py** 使用Serializer的create方法创建token

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from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import path,re_path,include
    from users import views
    from rest_framework_jwt.views import obtain_jwt_token  # 验证密码后返回token
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        path('register/', views.RegisterView.as_view(), name='register'),  # 注册用户
        path('login/', obtain_jwt_token,name='login'),  # 用户登录后返回token
        path('user/list/', views.UserList.as_view(), name='register'),  # 测试需要携带token才能访问
    ]

**urls.py**

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import json
    from rest_framework.views import APIView
    from rest_framework.views import Response
    from rest_framework.permissions import IsAuthenticated
    from rest_framework_jwt.authentication import JSONWebTokenAuthentication
    from users.serializers import UserSerializer
    
    # 用户注册
    class RegisterView(APIView):
        def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
            serializer = UserSerializer(data=request.data)
            if serializer.is_valid():
                serializer.save()
                return Response(serializer.data, status=201)
            return Response(serializer.error, status=400)
    
    # 测试必须携带token才能访问接口
    class UserList(APIView):
        permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated]  # 接口中加权限
        authentication_classes = [JSONWebTokenAuthentication]
    
        def get(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
            print(request.META.get('HTTP_AUTHORIZATION', None))
            return Response({
         'name':'zhangsan'})
        def post(self,request, *args, **kwargs):
            return Response({
         'name':'zhangsan'})

**users/views.py**

![1080958-20190617224344976-736249891.png][]        ![1080958-20190617224458449-467928512.png][]       ![1080958-20190617224728406-311632406.png][]

# 通过用户token获取用户信息
    from rest_framework_jwt.utils import jwt_decode_handler
    toke_user = jwt_decode_handler(token)
    # {'user_id': 2, 'username': 'lisi', 'exp': 1561504444, 'email': ''}

1111

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaonq/p/10987889.html

[Django]: https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaonq/category/1474170.html
[ContractedBlock.gif]: https://images.cnblogs.com/OutliningIndicators/ContractedBlock.gif
[ExpandedBlockStart.gif]: /images/20211122/cbcc99b875014ffbaf453357c75e567c.png
[1080958-20190607135327292-1123245917.png]: /images/20211122/92bac2a008454765b65f9dc4c925e4ae.png
[1080958-20190608123957991-1767044880.png]: https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1080958/201906/1080958-20190608123957991-1767044880.png
[1080958-20190608124145607-1381834048.png]: https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1080958/201906/1080958-20190608124145607-1381834048.png
[1080958-20190608124345627-376045533.png]: https://img2018.cnblogs.com/blog/1080958/201906/1080958-20190608124345627-376045533.png
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[http_getblimp.github.io_django-rest-framework-jwt_rest-framework-jwt-auth]: http://getblimp.github.io/django-rest-framework-jwt/#rest-framework-jwt-auth
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