rpm包的管理

不念不忘少年蓝@ 2021-11-23 16:00 350阅读 0赞

RPM是RedHat Package Manager（RedHat软件包管理工具）的缩写，这一文件格式名称虽然打上了RedHat的标志，但是其原始设计理念是开放式的，现在包括OpenLinux、S.u.S.E.以及Turbo Linux等Linux的分发版本都有采用，可以算是公认的行业标准了。

本文讲解如何管理RPM包。

#安装：i:install v:view h:进度条
    [root@serv01 Packages]# rpm -ivh mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm i:install v:view进度条
    
    #rpm -qa query all
    #查看mysql-server安装包
    [root@serv01 Packages]# rpm -qa | grep mysql-server
    mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    
    #查看mysql-server安装包生成的文件 l:list
    [root@serv01 Packages]# rpm -ql mysql-server
    /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
    #其余文件略
    /usr/share/mysql/mysql_test_data_timezone.sql
    /var/lib/mysql
    /var/log/mysqld.log
    /var/run/mysqld
    
    
    #查看安装包生成的文件属于哪个安装包
    [root@serv01 ~]# ls /usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
    /usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qf /usr/share/mysql/my-medium.cnf
    mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    
    #查看mysql-server安装包的详细信息
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qi mysql-server
    Name        : mysql-server                 Relocations: (not relocatable)
    Version     : 5.1.52                            Vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
    Release     : 1.el6_0.1                     Build Date: Tue 21 Dec 2010 02:56:53 AM CST
    Install Date: Sat 27 Jul 2013 12:39:09 AM CST      Build Host: x86-006.build.bos.redhat.com
    Group       : Applications/Databases        Source RPM: mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.src.rpm
    Size        : 24481725                         License: GPLv2 with exceptions
    Signature   : RSA/8, Mon 17 Jan 2011 09:48:19 PM CST, Key ID 199e2f91fd431d51
    Packager    : Red Hat, Inc. <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/bugzilla>
    URL         : http://www.mysql.com
    Summary     : The MySQL server and related files
    Description :
    MySQL is a multi-user, multi-threaded SQL database server. MySQL is a
    client/server implementation consisting of a server daemon (mysqld)
    and many different client programs and libraries. This package contains
    the MySQL server and some accompanying files and directories.
    
    [root@serv01 Packages]# rpm --help
    Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
      --quiet
    
    Query/Verify package selection options:
      -a, --all                        query/verify all packages
      -f, --file                       query/verify package(s) owning file
      -g, --group                      query/verify package(s) in group
      -p, --package                    query/verify a package file
      -W, --ftswalk                    query/verify package(s) from TOP file tree walk
      --pkgid                          query/verify package(s) with package identifier
      --hdrid                          query/verify package(s) with header identifier
      --fileid                         query/verify package(s) with file identifier
      --specfile                       query a spec file
      --triggeredby                    query the package(s) triggered by the package
      --whatrequires                   query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
      --whatprovides                   query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
      --nomanifest                     do not process non-package files as manifests
    
    Query options (with -q or --query):
      -c, --configfiles                list all configuration files
      -d, --docfiles                   list all documentation files
      --dump                           dump basic file information
      -l, --list                       list files in package
      --queryformat=QUERYFORMAT        use the following query format
      -s, --state                      display the states of the listed files
    
    Verify options (with -V or --verify):
      --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
      --nomd5                          don't verify digest of files
      --nofiles                        don't verify files in package
      --nodeps                         don't verify package dependencies
      --noscript                       don't execute verify script(s)
    
    File tree walk options (with --ftswalk):
      --comfollow                      follow command line symlinks
      --logical                        logical walk
      --nochdir                        don't change directories
      --nostat                         don't get stat info
      --physical                       physical walk
      --seedot                         return dot and dot-dot
      --xdev                           don't cross devices
      --whiteout                       return whiteout information
    
    Signature options:
      --addsign                        sign package(s) (identical to --resign)
      -K, --checksig                   verify package signature(s)
      --delsign                        delete package signatures
      --import                         import an armored public key
      --resign                         sign package(s) (identical to --addsign)
      --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
      --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)
    
    Database options:
      --initdb                         initialize database
      --rebuilddb                      rebuild database inverted lists from installed package headers
    
    Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
      --aid                            add suggested packages to transaction
      --allfiles                       install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
      --allmatches                     remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if <package> specified
                                       multiple packages)
      --badreloc                       relocate files in non-relocatable package
      -e, --erase=<package>+           erase (uninstall) package
      --excludedocs                    do not install documentation
      --excludepath=<path>             skip files with leading component <path> 
      --fileconflicts                  detect file conflicts between packages
      --force                          short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
      -F, --freshen=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s) if already installed
      -h, --hash                       print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
      --ignorearch                     don't verify package architecture
      --ignoreos                       don't verify package operating system
      --ignoresize                     don't check disk space before installing
      -i, --install                    install package(s)
      --justdb                         update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
      --nodeps                         do not verify package dependencies
      --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
      --nomd5                          don't verify digest of files (obsolete)
      --nocontexts                     don't install file security contexts
      --noorder                        do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
      --nosuggest                      do not suggest missing dependency resolution(s)
      --noscripts                      do not execute package scriptlet(s)
      --notriggers                     do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
      --oldpackage                     upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this automatically)
      --percent                        print percentages as package installs
      --prefix=<dir>                   relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
      --relocate=<old>=<new>           relocate files from path <old> to <new>
      --replacefiles                   ignore file conflicts between packages
      --replacepkgs                    reinstall if the package is already present
      --test                           don't install, but tell if it would work or not
      -U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s)
    
    Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
      -D, --define='MACRO EXPR'        define MACRO with value EXPR
      -E, --eval='EXPR'                print macro expansion of EXPR
      --macros=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
      --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
      --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)
      --rcfile=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
      -r, --root=ROOT                  use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
      --querytags                      display known query tags
      --showrc                         display final rpmrc and macro configuration
      --quiet                          provide less detailed output
      -v, --verbose                    provide more detailed output
      --version                        print the version of rpm being used
    
    Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
      --scripts                        list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
      --setperms                       set permissions of files in a package
      --setugids                       set user/group ownership of files in a package
      --conflicts                      list capabilities this package conflicts with
      --obsoletes                      list other packages removed by installing this package
      --provides                       list capabilities that this package provides
      --requires                       list capabilities required by package(s)
      --info                           list descriptive information from package(s)
      --changelog                      list change logs for this package
      --xml                            list metadata in xml
      --triggers                       list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
      --last                           list package(s) by install time, most recent first
      --dupes                          list duplicated packages
      --filesbypkg                     list all files from each package
      --fileclass                      list file names with classes
      --filecolor                      list file names with colors
      --fscontext                      list file names with security context from file system
      --fileprovide                    list file names with provides
      --filerequire                    list file names with requires
      --filecaps                       list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities
    
    Help options:
      -?, --help                       Show this help message
      --usage                          Display brief usage message
    
    #rpm -qa查询所有，再用grep过滤
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa | grep mysql
    mysql-libs-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    #-ql查询安装包里有哪些文件，可以跟包的完整名，或者跟简单名，不能跟msql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ql msql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    #查询mysql RPM包有哪些文件
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ql mysql
    #查询/etc/init.d/mysqld属于哪个安装包
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/init.d/mysqld
    mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    
    #查看安装包有哪些文件
    [root@serv01 ~]# cp /iso/Packages/mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm .
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qlp mysql-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm
    
    #删除mysqld，再次查看，发现其他文件仍然存在，现在需要重新安装，可以使用--force(强制)和--relacefiles(替换文件)进行安装
    [root@serv01 ~]# rm -rf /etc/init.d/mysqld 
    [root@serv01 ~]# ls /etc/init.d/mysql*
    ls: cannot access /etc/init.d/mysql*: No such file or directory
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ql mysql
    
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
    	package mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64 is already installed
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm --force
    warning: /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:mysql-server           ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm --force --replacefiles
    warning: /iso/Packages/mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:mysql-server           ########################################### [100%]
    
    
    #RPM包有依赖关系，可以使用--nodeps进行安装，但基本上不能使用
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	apr-util-ldap is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
    	httpd-tools = 2.2.15-9.el6 is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa | grep httpd
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm --force
    warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	apr-util-ldap is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
    	httpd-tools = 2.2.15-9.el6 is needed by httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm --force --nodeps
    warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:httpd                  ########################################### [100%]
    
    #可以发现不能正常使用
    [root@serv01 ~]# /etc/init.d/httpd start
    Starting httpd: httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for serv01.host.com
    #卸载httpd
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e httpd
    #再次查看发现不能查找到
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
    
    #抛掉依赖，卸载时加上--nodeps
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	mysql = 5.1.52-1.el6_0.1 is needed by (installed) mysql-server-5.1.52-1.el6_0.1.x86_64
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql --force
    rpm: only installation, upgrading, rmsource and rmspec may be forced
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql --force --nodeps
    rpm: only installation, upgrading, rmsource and rmspec may be forced
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e mysql --nodeps
    [root@serv01 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld start
    /etc/init.d/mysqld: line 37: /usr/bin/my_print_defaults: No such file or directory
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e --nodeps mysql
    
    #软件升级
    [root@larrywen ule-sa1]# cd package-manager/
    [root@larrywen package-manager]# ll
    total 41708
    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 38572579 Jul 24 09:52 mongodb-linux-x86_64-2.0.6.tgz
    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  2871736 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  1223472 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    14720 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm
    -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root    16204 Jul 24 09:52 nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm
    #拷贝nagios-*包含的文件到虚拟机下的/root目录下
    [root@larrywen package-manager]# scp nagios-* 192.168.1.11:/root
    root@192.168.1.11's password: 
    nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                       100% 2804KB   2.7MB/s   00:00    
    nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                       100% 1195KB   1.2MB/s   00:00    
    nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                100%   14KB  14.4KB/s   00:00    
    nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                100%   16KB  15.8KB/s   00:00    
    
    #安装nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm，如果缺少依赖则把缺少的安装上
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	group(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	httpd is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	libgd.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	mailx is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	nagios-common is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	user(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    #把httpd安装上
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep httpd
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm --nodeps
    warning: /iso/Packages/httpd-2.2.15-9.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:httpd                  ########################################### [100%]
    #把mailx安装上
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh /iso/Packages/mailx-12.4-6.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: /iso/Packages/mailx-12.4-6.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID fd431d51: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:mailx                  ########################################### [100%]
    #再次安装，仍然有依赖问题
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	group(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	libgd.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	nagios-common is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    	user(nagios) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    #把nagios-common安装上
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    #再次安装，发现缺少libgd.so库
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	libgd.so.2()(64bit) is needed by nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    
    #通过yum源解决依赖问题
    [root@serv01 ~]# yum install /usr/lib64/libgd.so* -y
    [root@serv01 ~]# yum install httpd -y
    
    #查询，发现安装成功
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
    nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64
    #升级nagios
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    error: Failed dependencies:
    	php is needed by nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
    #通过yum源安装php
    [root@serv01 ~]# yum install php* -y
    #再次升级 -U参数
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios                 ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    #升级成功
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
    nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
    nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
    #卸载
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e nagios
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e nagios-common
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
    
    #再次安装低版本
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios                 ########################################### [100%]
    
    #通过-F参数升级
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Fvh nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios                 ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Fvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
    nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
    nagios-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
    
    #安装时不校验，加--nosignature参数
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm --nosignature
    
    #-F和-U的区别
    #-F：没有低版本，不能升级，如果有，就升级
    #-U：没有低版本，就安装上，如果有，就升级
    
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -ivh nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.2.3-8.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
    nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -e nagios-common
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Fvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -Uvh nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm 
    warning: nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
    Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
       1:nagios-common          ########################################### [100%]
    [root@serv01 ~]# rpm -qa|grep nagios-common
    nagios-common-3.4.1-2.el6.x86_64

参考资料：[http://baike.baidu.com/view/209700.htm][http_baike.baidu.com_view_209700.htm]

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