Design Pattern----03.Creational.FactoryMethod.Pattern (Delphi Sample)

缺乏、安全感 2021-11-08 18:31 152阅读 0赞

# Intent #

*  Define an interface for creating an object, but let subclasses decide which class to instantiate. Factory Method lets a class **defer** instantiation to subclasses.
 *  Defining a “virtual” constructor.
 *  The `new` operator considered harmful.

# Problem #

*  A framework needs to standardize the architectural model for a range of applications, but allow for individual applications to define their own domain objects and provide for their instantiation.

# Discussion #

*  Factory Method is to creating objects as Template Method is to implementing an algorithm. A superclass specifies all standard and generic behavior (using pure virtual “placeholders” for creation steps), and then delegates the creation details to subclasses that are supplied by the client.
 *  Factory Method makes a design more customizable and only a little more **complicated**. Other design patterns require new classes, **whereas** Factory Method only requires a new operation.
 *  People often use Factory Method as the standard way to create objects; but it isn’t necessary if: the class that’s instantiated never changes, or instantiation takes place in an operation that subclasses can easily override (such as an initialization operation).
 *  Factory Method is similar to Abstract Factory but without the emphasis on families.
 *  Factory Methods are routinely specified by an architectural framework, and then implemented by the user of the framework.

# Structure #

*  The implementation of Factory Method discussed in the Gang of Four (below) largely overlaps with that of Abstract Factory. For that reason, the presentation in this chapter focuses on the approach that has become popular since.

![Scheme of Factory Method][]

*  An increasingly popular definition of factory method is: a `static` method of a class that returns an object of that class’ type. But unlike a constructor, the actual object it returns might be an instance of a subclass. Unlike a constructor, an existing object might be reused, instead of a new object created. Unlike a constructor, factory methods can have different and more descriptive names (e.g. `Color.make_RGB_color(float red, float green, float blue)` and `Color.make_HSB_color(float hue, float saturation, float brightness)`

![Scheme of Factory Method][Scheme of Factory Method 1]

*  The client is totally decoupled from the implementation details of derived classes. Polymorphic creation is now possible.

![Scheme of Factory Method][Scheme of Factory Method 2]

# Example #

*  The Factory Method defines an interface for creating objects, but lets subclasses decide which classes to instantiate. Injection molding presses demonstrate this pattern. Manufacturers of plastic toys process plastic molding powder, and inject the plastic into molds of the desired shapes. The class of toy (car, action figure, etc.) is determined by the mold.

![Example of Factory Method][]

# Check list #

1.  If you have an inheritance hierarchy that exercises polymorphism, consider adding a polymorphic creation capability by defining a `static` factory method in the base class.
2.  Design the arguments to the factory method. What qualities or characteristics are necessary and sufficient to identify the correct derived class to instantiate?
3.  Consider designing an internal “object pool” that will allow objects to be reused instead of created from scratch.
4.  Consider making all constructors `private` or `protected`.

# Rules of thumb #

*  Abstract Factory classes are often implemented with Factory Methods, but they can be implemented using Prototype.
 *  Factory Methods are usually called within Template Methods.
 *  Factory Method: creation through inheritance. Prototype: creation through delegation.
 *  Often, designs start out using Factory Method (less complicated, more customizable, subclasses proliferate) and evolve toward Abstract Factory, Prototype, or Builder (more flexible, more complex) as the designer discovers where more flexibility is needed.
 *  Prototype doesn’t require subclassing, but it does require an Initialize operation. Factory Method requires subclassing, but doesn’t require Initialize.
 *  The advantage of a Factory Method is that it can return the same instance multiple times, or can return a subclass rather than an object of that exact type.
 *  Some Factory Method advocates recommend that as a matter of language design (or failing that, as a matter of style) absolutely all constructors should be private or protected. It’s no one else’s business whether a class manufactures a new object or recycles an old one.
 *  The `new` operator considered harmful. There is a difference between requesting an object and creating one. The `new` operator always creates an object, and fails to encapsulate object creation. A Factory Method enforces that encapsulation, and allows an object to be requested without inextricable coupling to the act of creation.

# Delphi Sample #

UML(Class Diagram)

[![image][]][image 1]

unit Pattern;
    
    interface
    
    type
    
      IProduct = interface
      ['{2E0DD8B3-6BA2-4922-93F1-81F521B55AA9}']
        function ShipFrom: string;
      End;
    
      TProductA = class(TInterfacedObject, IProduct)
        function ShipFrom: string;
      end;
    
      TProductB = class(TInterfacedObject, IProduct)
        function ShipFrom: string;
      end;
    
      TDefaultProduct = class(TInterfacedObject, IProduct)
        function ShipFrom: string;
      end;
    
      TCreator = class
        function FactoryMethod(month: integer): IProduct;
      end;
    
    implementation
    
    { TProductA }
    
    function TProductA.ShipFrom: string;
    begin
      Result := 'from South Africa';
    end;
    
    { TProductB }
    
    function TProductB.ShipFrom: string;
    begin
      Result := 'from Spain';
    end;
    
    { TDefaultProduct }
    
    function TDefaultProduct.ShipFrom: string;
    begin
      Result := 'not available';
    end;
    
    { TCreator }
    
    function TCreator.FactoryMethod(month: integer): IProduct;
    begin
      if (month > 4) and (month <= 11) then begin
        Result := TProductA.Create;
      end else if (month in [1,2,12]) then  begin
        Result := TProductB.Create;
      end else
        Result := TDefaultProduct.Create;
    end;
    
    end.

\-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

program Creational.FactoryMethod.Pattern; 
    
    {$APPTYPE CONSOLE} 
    
    uses
      SysUtils,
      Pattern in 'Pattern.pas'; 
    
    var
      c: TCreator;
      product: IProduct;
      i: integer; 
    
    begin
    //  ReportMemoryLeaksOnShutDown := DebugHook  0;
      try
        c := TCreator.Create;
        try
          for i := 1 to 12 do begin
            product := c.FactoryMethod(i);
            WriteLn('Avokados ' + product.ShipFrom);
          end;
          ReadLn;
        finally
          c.Free;
        end;
      except
        on E:Exception do
          Writeln(E.Classname, ': ', E.Message);
      end;
    end.

# Download #

[Delphi Source][]

转载于:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiuyusoft/archive/2011/06/17/2083587.html

[Scheme of Factory Method]: http://sourcemaking.com/files/sm/images/patterns/Factory_Method.gif
[Scheme of Factory Method 1]: http://sourcemaking.com/files/sm/images/patterns/Factory_Method_1.gif
[Scheme of Factory Method 2]: http://sourcemaking.com/files/sm/images/patterns/Factory_Method__.gif
[Example of Factory Method]: http://sourcemaking.com/files/sm/images/patterns/Factory_Method_example1.gif
[image]: /images/20211108/9163e26b606f402c96e0aab5c7f21da9.png
[image 1]: http://images.cnblogs.com/cnblogs_com/xiuyusoft/201106/201106171414224743.png
[Delphi Source]: http://files.cnblogs.com/xiuyusoft/DesignPattern%28Delphi%29.7z