Amazon S3 REST API详解

爱被打了一巴掌 2021-10-19 16:26 542阅读 0赞

## [Amazon S3 REST API详解][Amazon S3 REST API] ##

好久没有写博客，学期接近尾声，时间方面会宽松些了，其实想写的东西还挺多的。前段时间一个项目用到了几个云存储，其中就包括Amazon S3，于是这篇文章主要分享一些Amazon S3 Rest API的经验（Amazon S3还包括SOAP API）。

首先还是要先说一下Amazon S3，全称是Amazon Simple Storage Service。EC2和S3是Amazon最早推出的两项云服务。在传统的计算机领域，主要包括计算、存储、网络这几个方面， 在云计算时代，前两者分别对应虚拟化和cloud storage，由此可以显现出Amazon EC2和S3的重要性。如今随着云计算的大红大紫，也有很多使用Amazon S3的例子，典型的有Dropbox，还有之前被FB收购的Instagram，其照片存储就使用的S3。

关于REST，这也是比较火的一种Web服务架构。简单来说，资源是由URI指定，对资源的操作包括GET、PUT、POST、DELETE和HEAD，返回结果常常是XML或者其他形式。如果你想了解更多，可以查看[REST的Wiki页面][REST_Wiki]。

Amazon S3的操作包括三部分：Service，Buckets和Objects。Service只包括GET操作，就是返回所有的Buckets的列表。Object顾名思义，是指存储在云端的文件，值得注意的是，S3中并没有明确的文件夹的概念，而是通过指定object的路径来实现，比如说，object可以为“photos/1.jpg”。而Bucket拥有全局名，名称由用户定义，用来存放Object，由于是全局名，所以要确保名字是别人没用过的。

访问Web服务时，Http request headers需要一些参数。主要包括：

*  Date：当前UTC时间，形式为“ Wed, 01 Mar 2009 12:00:00 GMT ”。
 *  Content-Length： 当对Object进行操作的时候，返回内容的长度，注意不要包括headers中的内容。
 *  Content-MD5：用base64编码文件内容的MD5值。
 *  Content-Type：资源的类型，比如：text/plain。
 *  Host：Get Service时为“ s3.amazonaws.com ”。在对bucket和object进行操作时，例如bucket的名字是“bucketname”，那么Host就是“bucketname.s3.amazonaws.com”。
 *  x-amz-meta-和x-am-开头的：包括Amazon定义的一些元数据和一些特定的header。后面如果出现会提到。
 *  Authorization：这个是最重要的，主要作用是签名，Amazon根据的请求计算出一个签名值和这里计算的签名值进行比对，只有相同时，访问才是合法的。接下来对Authorization的计算方法进行详述。

### Authorization的计算方法 ###

这个是Amazon文档中的说明：

[?][Link 1]

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     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">Content-MD5 + </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"\n"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important"> +</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">Content-Type + </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"\n"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important"> +</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">Date + </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"\n"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important"> +</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">CanonicalizedAmzHeaders +</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">CanonicalizedResource;</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">CanonicalizedResource = [ </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"/"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important"> + Bucket ] +</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&lt;HTTP-Request-URI, from the protocol name up to the query string&gt; +</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">[ sub-resource, </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; font-weight:bold!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(127,0,85)!important">if</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important"> present. For example </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"?acl"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">, </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"?location"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">, </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"?logging"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">, or </code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; color:rgb(42,0,255)!important">"?torrent"</code> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">];</code> 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important">
       &nbsp; 
     </div> 
     <div style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px 1em!important; border:0px!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important; white-space:pre!important"> 
      <code style="font-variant:inherit; margin:0px!important; padding:0px!important; border:0px!important; font-family:Consolas,'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono','Courier New',Courier,monospace!important; font-size:1em!important; line-height:1.1em!important; vertical-align:baseline!important; bottom:auto!important; float:none!important; height:auto!important; left:auto!important; outline:0px!important; overflow:visible!important; position:static!important; right:auto!important; top:auto!important; width:auto!important; min-height:inherit!important">CanonicalizedAmzHeaders = &lt;described below&gt;</code> 
     </div> 
    </div> </td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

首先Authorization是由”AWS \{0\}:\{1\}“组成的，第0个参数为你的Access Key ID，在注册了AWS之后，在[这里][Link 2]可以得到。第1个参数是计算出来的签名值。

签名值的计算方法是对一个UTF-8的字符串，用你的Secret Access Key（同样在Access Key ID处获取）进行SHA1加密。

StringToSign字符串也需要满足一定的格式。如上所示，第一行是你的操作名，应该为PUT、GET、DELETE、HEAD和POST中的一种。第二行是内容的MD5值的base64编码，和headers中的Content-MD5值应保持一致。第三行是Content-Type，同样需要和headers中的一致。第四行Date，和headers中的Date一致。需要说明的是CanonicalizedAmzHeaders和CanonicalizedResource。

CanonicalizedAmzHeaders就是把headers中的x-amz-开头的作为key转化为小写并按顺序排列，key和value之间用冒号相连，用换行符“\\n”把它们给连接起来。比如说headers中有：

>     X-Amz-Meta-ReviewedBy: joe@johnsmith.net 
>     X-Amz-Meta-ReviewedBy: jane@johnsmith.net 
>     X-Amz-Meta-FileChecksum: 0x02661779 
>     X-Amz-Meta-ChecksumAlgorithm: crc32

那么CanonicalizedAmzHeaders就是：

>     x-amz-meta-checksumalgorithm:crc32\n
>     x-amz-meta-filechecksum:0x02661779\n
>     x-amz-meta-reviewedby:joe@johnsmith.net,jane@johnsmith.net

CanonicalizedResource是指规范化的资源。如果访问资源没有指定bucket，那么就是“/”；如果包括bucket，而不包括object，那就是“/bucket\_name/”，注意前后的“/”不要落了；如果既包括bucket，也包括object，那么就是“/bucket\_name/object\_name”；另外，有时候比如是访问bucket的acl（访问控制列表acess control list）时，object\_name就是?acl，因此这时CanonicalizedResource就是“/bucket\_name/?acl”，访问object的acl时，CanonicalizedResource 就是“/bucket\_name/object\_name?acl”。

需要说明的是，如果计算出的CanonicalizedAmzHeaders不为空时，要确保CanonicalizedAmzHeaders和CanonicalizedResource之间有换行符“\\n”连接。

关于Authorization的详细内容，可以参考[官方文档][Link 3]。

### Service ###

对Service的操作只包括Get，即获取用户所有的Buckets列表。Request headers除了通用的，没有其他的内容。比如

>     GET / HTTP/1.1
>     Host: s3.amazonaws.com
>     Date: date
>     Authorization: signatureValue

返回的XML中包括Owner和各个Buckets，比如：

>     <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
>     <ListAllMyBucketsResult xmlns="http://doc.s3.amazonaws.com/2006-03-01">
>       <Owner>
>         <ID>bcaf1ffd86f461ca5fb16fd081034f</ID>
>         <DisplayName>webfile</DisplayName>
>       </Owner>
>       <Buckets>
>         <Bucket>
>           <Name>quotes</Name>
>           <CreationDate>2006-02-03T16:45:09.000Z</CreationDate>
>         </Bucket>
>         <Bucket>
>           <Name>samples</Name>
>           <CreationDate>2006-02-03T16:41:58.000Z</CreationDate>
>         </Bucket>
>       </Buckets>
>     </ListAllMyBucketsResult>

### Buckets ###

由于项目中只用到了Buckets的PUT、GET、DELETE，关于acl、lifecycle、policy等就不作过多说明，如果这方面有疑问，可以参考[官方文档][Link 4]。

接下来，如果Http request headers中内容没有什么特别说明的，将会略去不写。

#### [PUT Bucket][] ####

需要说明的是，在request headers可以加入bucket的权限控制，即指定x-amz-acl，合法的值包括：private，public-read、public-read-write、authenticated-read、bucket-owner-read、bucket-owner-full-control，从名字就可以看出具体的含义。

在request body中可以包括位置信息，即用户期望Bucket放置在Amazon的哪个数据中心。默认为US Standard，其他数据中心包括US West (Oregon) Region、US West (Northern California) Region、EU (Ireland) Region、Asia Pacific (Singapore) Region、Asia Pacific (Tokyo) Region、South America (Sao Paulo) Region。对于我们中国用户来说，离得最近的是东京的数据中心。不过在body中内容中，这七个数据中心写成：'EU'、 'eu-west-1'、'us-west-1'、 'us-west-2'、'ap-southeast-1'、'ap-northeast-1'和'sa-east-1'。

比如请求如下：

>     PUT / HTTP/1.1
>     Host: BucketName.s3.amazonaws.com
>     Content-Length: length
>     Date: date
>     Authorization: signatureValue
>     
>     <CreateBucketConfiguration xmlns="http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/"> 
>       <LocationConstraint>BucketRegion</LocationConstraint> 
>     </CreateBucketConfiguration>

#### [GET Bucket][] ####

Get Bucket主要是列出这个Bucket下所有的objects。值得提的是四个参数Prefix、Marker、MaxKeys和Delimiter，利用这四个参数，可以达到多种效果。

首先是Prefix，它表示这个Bucket中返回的Object以这个值为开头。Marker表示，返回这个值以后的Objects，比如说，第一次调用没有返回全部结果，则把第一次调用返回的Objects的最后一个作为Maker调用，以返回其以后的Objects。MaxKeys返回单次请求返回的最大Objects数，默认为1000。Delimiter表示分隔符，是在设置了Prefix之后，能够返回共同的Prefix（在结果中为CommonPrefix）。

因此，通过设置MaxKeys和Marker可以达到翻页效果，每次返回的最后一个Object作为下一次请求的Marker，在返回值中，如果IsTruncated为true，那么表示还有下一页。此外，通过设置Prefix和将Delimiter设为”/“，可以达到返回某个文件夹下所有内容的效果，其中CommonPrefix下的Prefix表示文件夹路径，而每个Contents中是Object的信息。

下面是一个请求的例子：

>     GET ?prefix=N&marker=Ned&max-keys=40 HTTP/1.1
>     Host: quotes.s3.amazonaws.com
>     Date: Wed, 01 Mar  2009 12:00:00 GMT
>     Authorization: AWS AKIAIOSFODNN7EXAMPLE:xQE0diMbLRepdf3YB+FIEXAMPLE=

返回结果为：

>     HTTP/1.1 200 OK
>     x-amz-id-2: gyB+3jRPnrkN98ZajxHXr3u7EFM67bNgSAxexeEHndCX/7GRnfTXxReKUQF28IfP
>     x-amz-request-id: 3B3C7C725673C630
>     Date: Wed, 01 Mar  2009 12:00:00 GMT
>     Content-Type: application/xml
>     Content-Length: 302
>     Connection: close
>     Server: AmazonS3
>     
>     <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
>     <ListBucketResult xmlns="http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/">
>         <Name>bucket</Name>
>         <Prefix/>
>         <Marker/>
>         <MaxKeys>1000</MaxKeys>
>         <IsTruncated>false</IsTruncated>
>         <Contents>
>             <Key>my-image.jpg</Key>
>             <LastModified>2009-10-12T17:50:30.000Z</LastModified>
>             <ETag>"fba9dede5f27731c9771645a39863328"</ETag>
>             <Size>434234</Size>
>             <StorageClass>STANDARD</StorageClass>
>             <Owner>
>                 <ID>75aa57f09aa0c8caeab4f8c24e99d10f8e7faeebf76c078efc7c6caea54ba06a</ID>
>                 <DisplayName>mtd@amazon.com</DisplayName>
>             </Owner>
>         </Contents>
>         <Contents>
>            <Key>my-third-image.jpg</Key>
>              <LastModified>2009-10-12T17:50:30.000Z</LastModified>
>             <ETag>"1b2cf535f27731c974343645a3985328"</ETag>
>             <Size>64994</Size>
>             <StorageClass>STANDARD</StorageClass>
>             <Owner>
>                 <ID>75aa57f09aa0c8caeab4f8c24e99d10f8e7faeebf76c078efc7c6caea54ba06a</ID>
>                 <DisplayName>mtd@amazon.com</DisplayName>

#### [DELETE Bucket][] ####

DELETE Bucket没有什么需要特殊说明的。

### Objects ###

#### [PUT Object][] ####

PUT Object基本操作类似，在Http body中添加Object的内容，这里就需要计算Content-Type等值。与PUT Bucket类似，可以在Http headers中加入x-amz-acl，以控制Object的权限。

#### [GET Object][] ####

在GET Object时，Response headers中会包括这个Object的相关信息，除了Content-Length和Content-Type等，Etag其实就是内容的MD5后的16进制的字符串。而Response body中就是文件的内容。

#### [DELETE Object][] ####

DELETE操作仍然没有什么特别说明的。

综上，本文主要说明了Amazon S3中对Service的GET，以及对Bucket和Object的PUT、GET和DELETE操作。但是REST API中还有一部分没有提到，这个可以查看具体的文档，其中解释得还是比较详细的。这篇文章还是为了想写Amazon S3客户端调用的同学们提供导向作用。

最后，提及一下当时的项目，项目主要是要实现一个本地的多云存储的备份。我们的项目使用了Python，而Amazon S3有一些第三方的API调用的实现，比较知名的有[Boto][]，但是由于其支持很多云服务，显得过于庞大，最后我决定自己实现，而Amazon S3这块的中文资料也不是很多，这里分享出来，让入门的同学能够更快的上手，仅此而已。如果想看我们项目中Amazon S3 REST API的客户端实现，可以移步[这里][Link 5]。

[Amazon S3 REST API]: http://qinxuye.me/article/detail-about-amazon-s3-rest-api/
[REST_Wiki]: http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/REST
[Link 1]: http://qinxuye.me/article/detail-about-amazon-s3-rest-api/#
[Link 2]: https://aws-portal.amazon.com/gp/aws/securityCredentials
[Link 3]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/dev/RESTAuthentication.html#ConstructingTheAuthenticationHeader
[Link 4]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/Welcome.html
[PUT Bucket]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTBucketPUT.html
[GET Bucket]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTBucketGET.html
[DELETE Bucket]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTBucketDELETE.html
[PUT Object]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTObjectPUT.html
[GET Object]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTObjectGET.html
[DELETE Object]: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTObjectDELETE.html
[Boto]: https://github.com/boto/boto
[Link 5]: https://github.com/chineking/CloudBackup/blob/master/CloudBackup/lib/s3.py