Spring @Async 注解的使用以及原理（二）

朴灿烈づ我的快乐病毒、 2021-09-22 14:06 330阅读 0赞

在上一篇中《[Spring @Async 注解的使用以及原理（一）][Spring _Async]》简单介绍了@Async的使用，本篇简单分析一下原理，源码版本：**spring-context-5.0.5.RELEASE**.

## @EnableAsync注解： ##

/**
 * Enables Spring's asynchronous method execution capability, similar to functionality
 * found in Spring's {@code <task:*>} XML namespace.
 *
 * To be used together with @{@link Configuration Configuration} classes as follows,
 * enabling annotation-driven async processing for an entire Spring application context:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 * @Configuration
 * @EnableAsync
 * public class AppConfig {
 *
 * }</pre>
 *
 * {@code MyAsyncBean} is a user-defined type with one or more methods annotated with
 * either Spring's {@code @Async} annotation, the EJB 3.1 {@code @javax.ejb.Asynchronous}
 * annotation, or any custom annotation specified via the {@link #annotation} attribute.
 * The aspect is added transparently for any registered bean, for instance via this
 * configuration:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 * @Configuration
 * public class AnotherAppConfig {
 *
 * @Bean
 * public MyAsyncBean asyncBean() {
 * return new MyAsyncBean();
 * }
 * }</pre>
 * 
 * （以上部分展示了与 @Configuration 注解搭配使用的场景）
 *
 * By default, Spring will be searching for an associated thread pool definition:
 * either a unique {@link org.springframework.core.task.TaskExecutor} bean in the context,
 * or an {@link java.util.concurrent.Executor} bean named "taskExecutor" otherwise. If
 * neither of the two is resolvable, a {@link org.springframework.core.task.SimpleAsyncTaskExecutor}
 * will be used to process async method invocations. Besides, annotated methods having a
 * {@code void} return type cannot transmit any exception back to the caller. By default,
 * such uncaught exceptions are only logged.
 *
 * (默认情况下，Spring寻找一个唯一的TaskExecutor类型的bean 或者 bean名称是“taskExecutor”的Executor类型的bean。
 * 如果二者都不存在，则使用SimpleAsyncTaskExecutor进行异步方法的执行.) 
 * 返回类型为void 无法将任何异常传送回调用方。 默认情况下，仅记录此类未捕获的异常。
 *
 * To customize all this, implement {@link AsyncConfigurer} and provide:
 * <ul>
 * <li>your own {@link java.util.concurrent.Executor Executor} through the
 * {@link AsyncConfigurer#getAsyncExecutor getAsyncExecutor()} method, and</li>
 * <li>your own {@link org.springframework.aop.interceptor.AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler
 * AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler} through the {@link AsyncConfigurer#getAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler
 * getAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler()}
 * method.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 * @Configuration
 * @EnableAsync
 * public class AppConfig implements AsyncConfigurer {
 *
 * @Override
 * public Executor getAsyncExecutor() {
 * ThreadPoolTaskExecutor executor = new ThreadPoolTaskExecutor();
 * executor.setCorePoolSize(7);
 * executor.setMaxPoolSize(42);
 * executor.setQueueCapacity(11);
 * executor.setThreadNamePrefix("MyExecutor-");
 * executor.initialize();
 * return executor;
 * }
 *
 * @Override
 * public AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler getAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler() {
 * return MyAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler();
 * }
 * }</pre>
 *
 * If only one item needs to be customized, {@code null} can be returned to
 * keep the default settings. Consider also extending from {@link AsyncConfigurerSupport}
 * when possible.
 *
 * Note: In the above example the {@code ThreadPoolTaskExecutor} is not a fully managed
 * Spring bean. Add the {@code @Bean} annotation to the {@code getAsyncExecutor()} method
 * if you want a fully managed bean. In such circumstances it is no longer necessary to
 * manually call the {@code executor.initialize()} method as this will be invoked
 * automatically when the bean is initialized.
 *
 * For reference, the example above can be compared to the following Spring XML
 * configuration:
 *
 * <pre class="code">
 * {@code
 * <beans>
 *
 * <task:annotation-driven executor="myExecutor" exception-handler="exceptionHandler"/>
 *
 * <task:executor id="myExecutor" pool-size="7-42" queue-capacity="11"/>
 *
 * <bean id="asyncBean" class="com.foo.MyAsyncBean"/>
 *
 * <bean id="exceptionHandler" class="com.foo.MyAsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler"/>
 *
 * </beans>
 * }</pre>
 *
 * The above XML-based and JavaConfig-based examples are equivalent except for the
 * setting of the thread name prefix of the {@code Executor}; this is because
 * the {@code <task:executor>} element does not expose such an attribute. This
 * demonstrates how the JavaConfig-based approach allows for maximum configurability
 * through direct access to actual componentry.
 *
 * The {@link #mode} attribute controls how advice is applied: If the mode is
 * {@link AdviceMode#PROXY} (the default), then the other attributes control the behavior
 * of the proxying. Please note that proxy mode allows for interception of calls through
 * the proxy only; local calls within the same class cannot get intercepted that way.
 *
 *（{@link#mode}属性控制通知的应用方式：如果模式是{@link AdviceMode#PROXY}（默认值），则其他 
 * 属性控制代理的行为。请注意，代理模式只允许通过代理拦截调用；同一类中的本身（自）调用不能这样被拦
 * 截。）
 * Note that if the {@linkplain #mode} is set to {@link AdviceMode#ASPECTJ}, then the
 * value of the {@link #proxyTargetClass} attribute will be ignored. Note also that in
 * this case the {@code spring-aspects} module JAR must be present on the classpath, with
 * compile-time weaving or load-time weaving applying the aspect to the affected classes.
 * There is no proxy involved in such a scenario; local calls will be intercepted as well.
 *（注意，如果{@linkplain#mode}设置为{@link AdviceMode#ASPECTJ}，则
 * {@link#proxyTargetClass}属性的值将被忽略。还要注意，在这种情况下{@code spring aspects} 
 * 模块JAR必须出现在类路径上，编译时编织或加载时编织将方面应用于受影响的类。在这种情况下不涉及代 
 * 理；本地调用也将被拦截。）
 *
 * @author Chris Beams
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @author Stephane Nicoll
 * @author Sam Brannen
 * @since 3.1
 * @see Async
 * @see AsyncConfigurer
 * @see AsyncConfigurationSelector
 */
 @Target(ElementType.TYPE)
 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
 @Documented
 @Import(AsyncConfigurationSelector.class)//注意这个，重点
 public @interface EnableAsync {
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicate the 'async' annotation type to be detected at either class
 	 * or method level.
 	 * By default, both Spring's @{@link Async} annotation and the EJB 3.1
 	 * {@code @javax.ejb.Asynchronous} annotation will be detected.
 	 * This attribute exists so that developers can provide their own
 	 * custom annotation type to indicate that a method (or all methods of
 	 * a given class) should be invoked asynchronously.
 	 */
 /**
 * 指示要在类或方法级别检测到的“异步”注解类型。
 * 默认情况下，Spring的@ {@Async}注解和EJB 3.1{@code @javax.ejb.Asynchronous} 
 注解将被检测到。
   * 此属性存在，以便开发人员可以提供自己的自定义注解类型，以指示一个方法（或的所有方法给定的类） 
 * 应该异步调用。
 */
 	Class<? extends Annotation> annotation() default Annotation.class;
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicate whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created as opposed
 	 * to standard Java interface-based proxies.
 	 * Applicable only if the {@link #mode} is set to {@link AdviceMode#PROXY}.
 	 * The default is {@code false}.
 	 * Note that setting this attribute to {@code true} will affect all
 	 * Spring-managed beans requiring proxying, not just those marked with {@code @Async}.
 	 * For example, other beans marked with Spring's {@code @Transactional} annotation
 	 * will be upgraded to subclass proxying at the same time. This approach has no
 	 * negative impact in practice unless one is explicitly expecting one type of proxy
 	 * vs. another — for example, in tests.
 	 */
 /**
 * 指示与基于标准Java接口的代理相反，是否要创建基于子类（CGLIB）的代理。
 * 仅在{@link #mode}设置为{@link AdviceMode＃PROXY}时适用，默认false
 * 请注意，将此属性设置为{@code true}将影响所有需要代理的 all Spring管理的 
 * bean，而不仅仅是标记为{@code @Async}的bean。 例如，其他标有Spring的{@code 
 * @Transactional}批注的bean将同时升级为子类代理。 这种方法在实践中不会产生负面影响，除非在 
 * 测试中明确期望一种代理相对于另一种代理。
 */
 	boolean proxyTargetClass() default false;
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicate how async advice should be applied.
 	 * The default is {@link AdviceMode#PROXY}.
 	 * Please note that proxy mode allows for interception of calls through the proxy
 	 * only. Local calls within the same class cannot get intercepted that way; an
 	 * {@link Async} annotation on such a method within a local call will be ignored
 	 * since Spring's interceptor does not even kick in for such a runtime scenario.
 	 * For a more advanced mode of interception, consider switching this to
 	 * {@link AdviceMode#ASPECTJ}.
 	 */
 /** 指示应如何应用异步通知。
 * 默认值是{@link AdviceMode#PROXY}
 * 请注意，代理模式只允许通过代理拦截调用。同一个类中的方法自调用不能以这种方式被拦截；本地自调用中 
 * 此类方法上的{@link Async}注解将被忽略，因为Spring的拦截器甚至不启动此类运行时场景。对于 
 * 更高级的拦截模式，请考虑将其切换到{@link AdviceMode#ASPECTJ}。
 */
 	AdviceMode mode() default AdviceMode.PROXY;
 
 	/**
 	 * Indicate the order in which the {@link AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor}
 	 * should be applied.
 	 * The default is {@link Ordered#LOWEST_PRECEDENCE} in order to run
 	 * after all other post-processors, so that it can add an advisor to
 	 * existing proxies rather than double-proxy.
 	 */
 /**
 * 指示应用{@link AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor}的顺序。
 * 默认值是{@link Ordered#LOWEST_PRECEDENCE}，以便在所有其他后处理器之后运行，这样它就可 
 * 以向现有代理添加一个advisor，而不是双重代理。
 */
 	int order() default Ordered.LOWEST_PRECEDENCE;
 
 }

@EnableAsync 注解中有一行重要的代码：**@Import(AsyncConfigurationSelector.class)，**引入了相关的配置类：

public class AsyncConfigurationSelector extends AdviceModeImportSelector<EnableAsync> {
 
 	private static final String ASYNC_EXECUTION_ASPECT_CONFIGURATION_CLASS_NAME =
 			"org.springframework.scheduling.aspectj.AspectJAsyncConfiguration";
 
 	/**
 	 * {@inheritDoc}
 	 * @return {@link ProxyAsyncConfiguration} or {@code AspectJAsyncConfiguration} for
 	 * {@code PROXY} and {@code ASPECTJ} values of {@link EnableAsync#mode()}, respectively
 	 */
 	@Override
 	@Nullable
 	public String[] selectImports(AdviceMode adviceMode) {
 		switch (adviceMode) {
 			case PROXY:
 				return new String[] { ProxyAsyncConfiguration.class.getName() };
 			case ASPECTJ:
 				return new String[] { ASYNC_EXECUTION_ASPECT_CONFIGURATION_CLASS_NAME };
 			default:
 				return null;
 		}
 	}
 
 }

## ProxyAsyncConfiguration类： ##

以AdviceMode.PROXY为例，进入到ProxyAsyncConfiguration类中：

public class ProxyAsyncConfiguration extends AbstractAsyncConfiguration {
 
 	@Bean(name = TaskManagementConfigUtils.ASYNC_ANNOTATION_PROCESSOR_BEAN_NAME)
 	@Role(BeanDefinition.ROLE_INFRASTRUCTURE)
 	public AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor asyncAdvisor() {
 		Assert.notNull(this.enableAsync, "@EnableAsync annotation metadata was not injected");
 //实例化注册一个AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类型的bean
 		AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor bpp = new AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor();
 		Class<? extends Annotation> customAsyncAnnotation = this.enableAsync.getClass("annotation");
 //设置自定义的异步注解类型
 		if (customAsyncAnnotation != AnnotationUtils.getDefaultValue(EnableAsync.class, "annotation")) {
 			bpp.setAsyncAnnotationType(customAsyncAnnotation);
 		}
 //设置执行器
 		if (this.executor != null) {
 			bpp.setExecutor(this.executor);
 		}
 //设置异常处理器
 		if (this.exceptionHandler != null) {
 			bpp.setExceptionHandler(this.exceptionHandler);
 		}
 //读取@EnableAsync注解的属性值，见父类的setImportMetadata方法
 		bpp.setProxyTargetClass(this.enableAsync.getBoolean("proxyTargetClass"));
 		bpp.setOrder(this.enableAsync.<Integer>getNumber("order"));
 		return bpp;
 	}
 
 }

## AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类： ##

看名称有点像bean后置处理器，继承实现接口比较复杂，可以用IDEA生成一下类图：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzIyMDc2MzQ1_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70][]

AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类的代码比较多，需要清楚Spring bean的生命周期初始化过程，比如BeanFactoryAware、BeanPostProcessor等的执行顺序，另外还要对Spring AOP APIs(编程式创建 @AspectJ 代理)有所了解。

在AbstractAdvisingBeanPostProcessor类中的postProcessAfterInitialization方法会会生成目标类的代理类

public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) {
    		if (this.advisor == null || bean instanceof AopInfrastructureBean) {
    			// Ignore AOP infrastructure such as scoped proxies.
    			return bean;
    		}
            // 添加advisor
    		if (bean instanceof Advised) {
    			Advised advised = (Advised) bean;
    			if (!advised.isFrozen() && isEligible(AopUtils.getTargetClass(bean))) {
    				// Add our local Advisor to the existing proxy's Advisor chain...
    				if (this.beforeExistingAdvisors) {
    					advised.addAdvisor(0, this.advisor);
    				}
    				else {
    					advised.addAdvisor(this.advisor);
    				}
    				return bean;
    			}
    		}
            //bean为非代理类时进入构造目标类的代理工厂
    		if (isEligible(bean, beanName)) {
    			ProxyFactory proxyFactory = prepareProxyFactory(bean, beanName);
                //添加代理的接口
    			if (!proxyFactory.isProxyTargetClass()) {
    				evaluateProxyInterfaces(bean.getClass(), proxyFactory);
    			}
                //设置切面
    			proxyFactory.addAdvisor(this.advisor);
    			customizeProxyFactory(proxyFactory);
                //返回代理类
    			return proxyFactory.getProxy(getProxyClassLoader());
    		}
    
    		// No proxy needed.
    		return bean;
    	}

这里展示一下实例化的AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类对应的bean的结构帮助理解：

![watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzIyMDc2MzQ1_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1][]

可以看到这个 bean中持有一个AsyncAnnotationAdvisor类的对象advisor：buildAdvice()方法生成通知，buildPointcut生成切点。

protected Advice buildAdvice(@Nullable Executor executor, 
 AsyncUncaughtExceptionHandler exceptionHandler) {
 		return new AnnotationAsyncExecutionInterceptor(executor, exceptionHandler);
 	}
 
 	/**
 	 * Calculate a pointcut for the given async annotation types, if any.
 	 * @param asyncAnnotationTypes the async annotation types to introspect
 	 * @return the applicable Pointcut object, or {@code null} if none
 	 */
 	protected Pointcut buildPointcut(Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> asyncAnnotationTypes) {
 		ComposablePointcut result = null;
 		for (Class<? extends Annotation> asyncAnnotationType : asyncAnnotationTypes) {
 			Pointcut cpc = new AnnotationMatchingPointcut(asyncAnnotationType, true);
 			Pointcut mpc = new AnnotationMatchingPointcut(null, asyncAnnotationType, true);
 			if (result == null) {
 				result = new ComposablePointcut(cpc);
 			}
 			else {
 				result.union(cpc);
 			}
 			result = result.union(mpc);
 		}
 		return (result != null ? result : Pointcut.TRUE);
 	}

AsyncAnnotationAdvisor中的buildAdvice()方法，生成了AnnotationAsyncExecutionInterceptor对象，它的父类AsyncExecutionInterceptor重写了AsyncExecutionInterceptor接口的invoke方法，通过委托实现@Async异步方法的调用。在invoke（）方法中获取执行器executor，创建Callable异步线程任务，提交到执行器executor（对应的线程池）中执行。

public Object invoke(final MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
 		Class<?> targetClass = (invocation.getThis() != null ? AopUtils.getTargetClass(invocation.getThis()) : null);
 		Method specificMethod = ClassUtils.getMostSpecificMethod(invocation.getMethod(), targetClass);
 		final Method userDeclaredMethod = BridgeMethodResolver.findBridgedMethod(specificMethod);
 
 		AsyncTaskExecutor executor = determineAsyncExecutor(userDeclaredMethod);
 		if (executor == null) {
 			throw new IllegalStateException(
 					"No executor specified and no default executor set on AsyncExecutionInterceptor either");
 		}
 
 		Callable<Object> task = () -> {
 			try {
 				Object result = invocation.proceed();
 				if (result instanceof Future) {
 					return ((Future<?>) result).get();
 				}
 			}
 			catch (ExecutionException ex) {
 				handleError(ex.getCause(), userDeclaredMethod, invocation.getArguments());
 			}
 			catch (Throwable ex) {
 				handleError(ex, userDeclaredMethod, invocation.getArguments());
 			}
 			return null;
 		};
 
 		return doSubmit(task, executor, invocation.getMethod().getReturnType());
 	}

## 总结： ##

@Async和@EnableAsync注解实现方法异步调用底层是通过AOP和线程池实现的。

备注：AsyncAnnotationBeanPostProcessor类的实例化过程涉及到低级的AOP APIs有些复杂，需要对Spring bean生命周期解以及Spring AOP APIs的使用有所掌握。最好打断点，调试，感到混乱时，可以先debugger出代码块（比如方法）的结果，再进到代码中分析。

Spring bean生命周期大致流程：[https://blog.csdn.net/qq\_22076345/article/details/105580031][https_blog.csdn.net_qq_22076345_article_details_105580031]

Spring AOP APIs官方文档：[https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/core.html\#aop-api][https_docs.spring.io_spring-framework_docs_current_spring-framework-reference_core.html_aop-api]

[Spring _Async]: https://blog.csdn.net/qq_22076345/article/details/82194482
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzIyMDc2MzQ1_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20210920/f0bea4ba15fa425685c83c17311caf99.png
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3FxXzIyMDc2MzQ1_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]: /images/20210920/04aa186131a64e92b24c32d08164d102.png
[https_blog.csdn.net_qq_22076345_article_details_105580031]: https://blog.csdn.net/qq_22076345/article/details/105580031
[https_docs.spring.io_spring-framework_docs_current_spring-framework-reference_core.html_aop-api]: https://docs.spring.io/spring-framework/docs/current/spring-framework-reference/core.html#aop-api