Linux常用命令

雨点打透心脏的1/2处 2021-09-14 23:20 381阅读 0赞

# 转：http://blog.csdn.net/xiaoguaihai/article/details/8705992    #

# 1、显示日期的指令： date #

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# 2、显示日历的指令：cal #

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# 3、简单好用的计算器：bc #

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**![1363936054_8908.png][]**

怎么10/100会变成0呢？这是因为bc预设仅输出整数，如果要输出小数点下位数，那么就必须要执行 scale=number ，那个number就是小数点位数，例如：

![1363936069_2896.png][]

# 4、重要的几个热键\[Tab\],\[ctrl\]-c, \[ctrl\]-d  #

\[Tab\]按键---具有『命令补全』不『档案补齐』的功能

\[Ctrl\]-c按键---让当前的程序『停掉』

\[Ctrl\]-d按键---通常代表着：『键盘输入结束(End Of File, EOF 戒 End OfInput)』的意思；另外，他也可以用来取代exit

# 5、man #

退出用q，

man -f man

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# 6、数据同步写入磁盘： sync #

输入sync，那举在内存中尚未被更新的数据，就会被写入硬盘中；所以，这个挃令在系统关机戒重新启劢乀前， 径重要喔！最好多执行几次！

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# 7、惯用的关机指令：shutdown #

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此外，需要注意的是，时间参数请务必加入指令中，否则shutdown会自动跳到 run-level 1 (就是单人维护的登入情况)，这样就伤脑筋了！底下提供几个时间参数的例子吧：

![1363936145_2758.png][]

重启，关机： reboot, halt,poweroff

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# 8、切换执行等级： init #

Linux共有七种执行等级：

\--run level 0 :关机

\--run level 3 :纯文本模式

\--run level 5 :含有图形接口模式

\--run level 6 :重新启动

使用init这个指令来切换各模式：

如果你想要关机的话，除了上述的shutdown -h now以及poweroff之外，你也可以使用如下的指令来关机：

![1363936183_6281.png][]

# 9、改变文件的所属群组：chgrp #

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# 10、改变文件拥有者：chown #

他还可以顸便直接修改群组的名称

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# 11、改变文件的权限：chmod #

<table style="margin:0px;padding:0px;border:1px solid #C0C0C0;border-collapse:collapse;width:722px;color:rgb(51,51,51);font-family:'PingFang SC', 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;height:auto;"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px;padding:0px;"> 
   <td style="margin:0px;padding:3px;border:1px solid #C0C0C0;border-collapse:collapse;white-space:nowrap;"><p style="margin:10px auto;padding-top:0px;padding-bottom:0px;"><span style="margin:0px;padding:0px;line-height:1.8;font-size:18px;">权限的设定方法有两种， 分别可以使用数字或者是符号来进行权限的变更。</span></p></td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

\--数字类型改变档案权限：

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\--符号类型改变档案权限：

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# 12、查看版本信息等 #

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# 13、变换目录：cd #

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# 14、显示当前所在目录：pwd #

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# 15、建立新目录：mkdir #

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不建议常用-p这个选项，因为担心如果你打错字，那么目录名称就回变得乱七八糟的

# 16、删除『空』的目录：rmdir #

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# 17、档案与目录的显示：ls #

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# 18、复制档案或目录：cp #

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# 19、移除档案或目录：rm #

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# 20、移动档案与目录，或更名：mv #

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# 21、取得路径的文件名与目录名：basename，dirname #

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# 22、由第一行开始显示档案内容：cat #

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![1363936621_3423.png][]

# 23、从最后一行开始显示：tac（可以看出 tac 是 cat 的倒着写） #

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# 24、显示的时候，顺道输出行号：nl #

![1363936651_6458.png][]

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# 25、一页一页的显示档案内容：more #

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# 26、与 more 类似，但是比 more 更好的是，他可以往前翻页：less #

![1363936728_2729.png][]

# 27、只看头几行：head #

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# 28、只看尾几行：tail #

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# 29、以二进制的放置读取档案内容：od #

![1363936808_2619.png][]

![1363936819_8586.png][]

# 30、修改档案时间或新建档案：touch #

![1363936832_1025.png][]

![1363936847_2396.png][]

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# 31、档案预设权限：umask #

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# 32、配置文件档案隐藏属性：chattr #

![1363936877_4715.png][]

![1363936886_3351.png][]

![1363936897_2939.png][]

# 33、显示档案隐藏属性：lsattr #

![1363936910_4210.png][]

# 34、观察文件类型：file #

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# 35、寻找【执行挡】：which #

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# 36、寻找特定档案：whereis #

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# 37、寻找特定档案：locate #

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# 38、寻找特定档案：find #

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![1363937784_2757.png][]

# 39、压缩文件和读取压缩文件：gzip，zcat #

![1363937793_4694.png][]

![1363937802_1953.png][]

# 40、压缩文件和读取压缩文件：bzip2，bzcat #

![1363937816_9269.png][]

![1363937900_4463.png][]

# 41、压缩文件和读取压缩文件：tar #

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ps:IP.GZIP.TAR有啥区别？那个压缩的程度大？

tar是打包，不是压缩，只是把一堆文件打成一个文件而已GZIP用在HTTP协议上是一种用来改进WEB应用程序性能的技术，将网页内容压缩后再传输。
    zip就不用说了，主流的压缩格式。
    zip最新的压缩算法还是很好的，建议还是用zip格式化，全平台通用。

tar没有怎样压缩，压缩率100%，主要是永远打包，
    zip压缩率看文件类型，jpg就没怎么压缩率，但bmp很高
    gzip一般比zip高

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

zip
    zip -r myfile.zip ./*
    将当前目录下的所有文件和文件夹全部压缩成myfile.zip文件,－r表示递归压缩子目录下所有文件.
    
    unzip
    unzip -o -d /home/sunny myfile.zip
    把myfile.zip文件解压到 /home/sunny/
    -o:不提示的情况下覆盖文件；
    -d:-d /home/sunny 指明将文件解压缩到/home/sunny目录下
    
    zip 命令：
    # zip test.zip test.txt
    它会将 test.txt 文件压缩为 test.zip ，当然也可以指定压缩包的目录，例如 /root/test.zip
    # unzip test.zip
    它会默认将文件解压到当前目录，如果要解压到指定目录，可以加上 -d 选项
    # unzip test.zip -d /root/

![复制代码][copycode.gif]

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