【数据库】MySQL 高级(进阶) SQL 语句

客官°小女子只卖身不卖艺 2024-04-06 14:46 88阅读 0赞

#### 文章目录 ####

*  前提条件
 *  一、常用查询
 *   *  1. SELECT（显示查询）
     *  2. DISTINCT（不重复查询）
     *  3. WHERE（有条件查询）
     *  4. AND/OR（且/或）
     *  5. IN （显示已知值的字段）
     *  6. BETWEEN（显示两个值范围内的字段）
     *  7. 通配符的使用
     *   *  LIKE （匹配关键字查询）
     *  8. ORDER BY (按关键字排序)
 *  二、常用函数
 *   *  1. 数学函数
     *  2. 聚合函数
     *  3. 字符串函数
 *  三、查询与函数
 *   *  1. GROUP BY（汇总分组）
     *  2. HAVING （过滤返回值）
     *  3. 别名（字段别名 表格别名）
     *  4. 子查询
     *  5. EXISTS（类查询）
 *  四、连接查询
 *   *  1. 表连接
     *  2. CREATE VIEW（视图）
     *  3. UNION（联集）
     *  4. 交集
     *  5. 无交集
 *  五、其他用法
 *   *  1. CASE
     *  2. NULL 值
     *   *  2.1 空值（NULL）和无值（“ ”）的区别
         *  2.2 查询空值与非空值
     *  3. 正则表达式
 *  六、存储过程
 *   *  1. 存储过程概念
     *  2. 存储过程的优点
     *  3. 存储过程相关操作
     *   *  3.1 创建存储过程
         *  3.2 调用存储过程
         *  3.3 查看存储过程
         *  3.4 存储过程的参数
         *  3.5 删除存储过程
         *  3.6 控制语句
         *   *  条件语句
             *  循环语句
 *  总结
 *   *  1. sql 语句中 HAVING 的用法
     *  2. mysql数据库有几种表连接
     *  3. view视图表是否能更改数据
     *  4. 创建存储过程的步骤

--------------------

## 前提条件 ##

> location表格创建

use class;
    create table location (Region char(20),Store_Name char(20));
    insert into location values('East','Boston');
    insert into location values('East','New York');
    insert into location values('West','Los Angeles');
    insert into location values('West','Houston');

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> store\_info表格创建

create table store_info (Store_Name char(20),Sales int(10),Date char(10));
    insert into store_info values('Los Angeles','1500','2020-12-05');
    insert into store_info values('Houston','250','2020-12-07');
    insert into store_info values('Los Angeles','300','2020-12-08');
    insert into store_info values('Boston','700','2020-12-08');

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--------------------

## 一、常用查询 ##

### 1. SELECT（显示查询） ###

> 显示表格中一个或数个字段的所有数据记录

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名";
    
    例如
    select Store_name from store_info;

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### 2. DISTINCT（不重复查询） ###

> 不显示重复的数据记录

SELECT DISTINCT "字段" FROM "表名";
    
    例如
    select distinct Store_Name from store_info;

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### 3. WHERE（有条件查询） ###

> 按照条件进行查询

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "条件";
    
    例如
    select distinct Store_Name from store_info where Sales > 1000;

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### 4. AND/OR（且/或） ###

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "条件1" {
       [AND|OR] "条件2"} + ;
    
    例如
    select Store_Name from store_info where Sales > 1000 OR ( Sales < 500 and Sales > 200 );

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### 5. IN （显示已知值的字段） ###

> 在已知的字段数据取值范围内取值

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" IN ('值1', '值2', ...);
    
    例如
    select * from store_info where Store_Name in ('Los Angeles', 'Houston');

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另外还有not in命令，用法一致，表示显示不在指定范围内的字段的值。

### 6. BETWEEN（显示两个值范围内的字段） ###

> 在两个字段数据值之间取值，包含两边字段的数据

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段"  BETWEEN '值1' AND '值2';
    
    例如
    select * from store_info where Date between '2020-12-06' and '2020-12-10';

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### 7. 通配符的使用 ###

> 通常通配符都是与like配合使用的
> 
> % ：百分号表示零个、一个或多个字符
> 
> \_ ：下划线表示单个字符

'A_Z'：所有以 'A' 起头，另一个任何值的字符，且以 'Z' 为结尾的字符串。例如，'ABZ' 和 'A2Z' 都符合这一个模式，而 'AKKZ' 并不符合 (因为在 A 和 Z 之间有两个字符，而不是一个字符)。
    'ABC%': 所有以 'ABC' 起头的字符串。例如，'ABCD' 和 'ABCABC' 都符合这个模式。
    '%XYZ': 所有以 'XYZ' 结尾的字符串。例如，'WXYZ' 和 'ZZXYZ' 都符合这个模式。
    '%AN%': 所有含有 'AN'这个模式的字符串。例如，'LOS ANGELES' 和 'SAN FRANCISCO' 都符合这个模式。
    '_AN%'：所有第二个字母为 'A' 和第三个字母为 'N' 的字符串。例如，'SAN FRANCISCO' 符合这个模式，而 'LOS ANGELES' 则不符合这个模式。

#### LIKE （匹配关键字查询） ####

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" LIKE {模式};
    
    例如
    select * from store_info where Store_Name like '%os%';

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### 8. ORDER BY (按关键字排序) ###

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" [WHERE “条件”] ORDER BY "字段" [ASC, DESC];
    #ASC 	是按照升序进行排序的，是默认的排序方式。
    #DESC 	是按降序方式进行排序。
    
    例如
    select Store_Name,Sales,Date from store_info order by Sales DESC;

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## 二、常用函数 ##

### 1. 数学函数 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>关键字</th> 
   <th>含义</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>abs(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回 x 的绝对值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>rand()</code></td> 
   <td>返回 0 到 1 的随机数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>mod(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>返回 x 除以 y 以后的余数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>power(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>返回 x 的 y 次方</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>round(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回离 x 最近的整数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>round(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>保留 x 的 y 位小数四舍五入后的值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>sqrt(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回 x 的平方根</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>truncate(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>返回数字 x 截断为 y 位小数的值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>ceil(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回大于或等于 x 的最小整数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>floor(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回小于或等于 x 的最大整数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>greatest(x1,x2...)</code></td> 
   <td>返回集合中最大的值，也可以返回多个字段的最大的值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>least(x1,x2…)</code></td> 
   <td>返回集合中最小的值，也可以返回多个字段的最小的值</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

select abs(-1), rand(), mod(5,3), power(2,3), round(1.89);

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select round(1.8937,3), truncate(1.235,2), ceil(5.2), floor(2.1), least(1.89,3,6.1,2.1);

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#求一组数据最大值
    create table t1 (id1 int, id2 int, id3 int, id4 int);
    insert into t1 values (10, 50, 30, 20);
    select * from t1;
    select greatest(id1,id2,id3,id4) from t1;

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#求1000以内的随机整数
    select round(rand() * 1000);
    select truncate(rand() * 1000,0);

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### 2. 聚合函数 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>关键字</th> 
   <th>含义</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>avg()</code></td> 
   <td>返回指定列的平均值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>count()</code></td> 
   <td>返回指定列中非 NULL 值的个数</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>min()</code></td> 
   <td>返回指定列的最小值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>max()</code></td> 
   <td>返回指定列的最大值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>sum(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回指定列的所有值之和</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#求平均值
    select avg(Sales) from store_info;

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#求表中城市数量
    select count(Store_Name) from store_info where Store_Name is NOT NULL;

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#统计数量，进行去重
    select count(DISTINCT Store_Name) from store_info;

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#统计字段中最大值
    select max(Sales) from store_info;

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#统计字段中最小值
    select min(Sales) from store_info;

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#统计字段中的总和
    select sum(Sales) from store_info;

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### 3. 字符串函数 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>关键字</th> 
   <th>含义</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>trim()</code></td> 
   <td>返回去除指定格式的值</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>concat(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>将提供的参数 x 和 y 拼接成一个字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>substr(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>获取从字符串 x 中的第 y 个位置开始的字符串，跟substring()函数作用相同</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>substr(x,y,z)</code></td> 
   <td>获取从字符串 x 中的第 y 个位置开始长度为 z 的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>length(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回字符串 x 的长度</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>replace(x,y,z)</code></td> 
   <td>将字符串 z 替代字符串 x 中的字符串 y</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>upper(x)</code></td> 
   <td>将字符串 x 的所有字母变成大写字母</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>lower(x)</code></td> 
   <td>将字符串 x 的所有字母变成小写字母</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>left(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>返回字符串 x 的前 y 个字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>right(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>返回字符串 x 的后 y 个字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>repeat(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>将字符串 x 重复 y 次</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>space(x)</code></td> 
   <td>返回 x 个空格</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>strcmp(x,y)</code></td> 
   <td>比较 x 和 y，返回的值可以为-1,0,1</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>reverse(x)</code></td> 
   <td>将字符串 x 反转</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#输出指定一个字段中某一部分
    #命令行
    i='123456789'
    echo ${i:3:4}

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#字段替换
    #命令行操作
    i='123456789'
    echo $i | tr '456' 'abc'

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#大小写字母替换
    #命令行操作
    echo abc123xyz | tr 'a-z' 'A-Z'

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#字段拼接
    select concat(Region, Store_Name) from location where Store_Name = 'Boston';

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#如sql_mode开启开启了PIPES_AS_CONCAT，"||"视为字符串的连接操作符而非或运算符，
    #和字符串的拼接函数Concat相类似，这和Oracle数据库使用方法一样的
    select Region || ' ' || Store_Name from location where Store_Name = 'Boston';

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select substr(Store_Name,5) from location where Store_Name = 'Los Angeles';
    select substr(Store_Name,3,4) from location where Store_Name = 'New York';

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SELECT TRIM ([ [位置] [要移除的字符串] FROM ] 字符串);
    #[位置]：的值可以为 LEADING (起头), TRAILING (结尾), BOTH (起头及结尾)。 
    #[要移除的字符串]：从字串的起头、结尾，或起头及结尾移除的字符串。缺省时为空格。
    
    例如
    select trim(leading 'New ' from 'New York');
    select trim(leading 'Los' from (select store_name from location where store_name = 'Los Angeles'));

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select replace(Region, 'ast', 'astern')from location;

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## 三、查询与函数 ##

### 1. GROUP BY（汇总分组） ###

> 对GROUP BY后面的栏位的查询结果进行汇总分组，通常是结合聚合函数一起使用的。
> 
> GROUP BY有一个原则，就是 SELECT 后面的所有列中，没有使用聚合函数的列，必须出现在GROUP BY后面。

SELECT "字段1", SUM("字段2") FROM "表名" GROUP BY "字段1";
    
    例如
    #对分组的总和进行降序排序
    select Store_Name,sum(Sales) from store_info group by Store_Name order by sales desc;

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### 2. HAVING （过滤返回值） ###

> 用来过滤由 GROUP BY 语句返回的记录集，通常与 GROUP BY 语句联合使用。
> 
> HAVING 语句的存在弥补了 WHERE 关键字不能与聚合函数联合使用的不足。

SELECT "字段1", SUM("字段2") FROM "表格名" GROUP BY "字段1" HAVING (函数条件);
    
    例如
    select Store_Name, SUM(Sales) from store_info group by Store_Name having SUM(Sales) > 1500;

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### 3. 别名（字段别名 表格别名） ###

SELECT "表格別名"."字段1" [AS] "字段別名" FROM "表格名" [AS] "表格別名";
    
    例如
    select A.Store_Name Store, SUM(A.Sales) "Total Sales" from store_info A group by A.Store_Name;
    select Store_Name,sum(Sales) as "Total Sales" from store_info  group by Store_Name;

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### 4. 子查询 ###

> 连接表格，在WHERE 子句或 HAVING 子句中插入另一个 SQL 语句

SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格1" WHERE "字段2" [比较运算符] 				#外查询
    (SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");						   #内查询
    #内查询优先级高于外查询
    
    #可以是符号的运算符，例如 =、>、<、>=、<= ；也可以是文字的运算符，例如 LIKE、IN、BETWEEN

例如
    #查询两个表交集的城市
    select * from location where store_name in (select store_name from store_info);
    
    #查询在location表中西部城市的销售总和
    select sum(sales) from store_info where store_name in (select store_name from location where region = 'West');
    
    #通过多表查询，查询两个表中有交集的值
    select sum(A.Sales) from store_info A where A.Store_Name in (select Store_Name from location B where B.Store_Name = A.Store_Name);

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### 5. EXISTS（类查询） ###

> 用来测试内查询有没有产生任何结果，类似布尔值是否为真。
> 
> 如果有的话，系统就会执行外查询中的SQL语句。若是没有的话，那整个 SQL 语句就不会产生任何结果。

SELECT "字段1" FROM "表格1" WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM "表格2" WHERE "条件");

例如
    #判断是否有西部城市，有的话就计算销售和
    ，如果没有就输出NULL
    select SUM(Sales) from store_info where exists (select * from location where Region = 'West');

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## 四、连接查询 ##

### 1. 表连接 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>表连接方式</th> 
   <th>含义</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>inner join</code>（内连接）</td> 
   <td>只返回两个表中联结字段相等的行</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>left join</code>（左连接）</td> 
   <td>返回包括左表中的所有记录和右表中联结字段相等的记录，不相等的行则返回null</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>right join</code>（右连接）</td> 
   <td>返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中联结字段相等的记录，不相等的行则返回null</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#内连接
    select * from location A inner join store_info B on A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name ;
    select * from location A inner join store_info B using(Store_Name);
    #其中using需要在两张表有同名情况下使用

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#右连接
    select * from location A RIGHT JOIN store_info B on A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name ;

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#多表查询
    select * from location A, store_info B where A.store_name = B.store_name;
    #效率略低于inner用法

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#对分表查询进行分组、排序
    select region,sum(B.sales) from location A, store_info B where A.store_name = B.store_name group by region order by sum(B.sales) desc;

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### 2. CREATE VIEW（视图） ###

> 视图跟表格的不同是，表格中有实际储存数据记录，而视图是建立在表格之上的一个架构，它本身并不实际储存数据记录。临时表在用户退出或同数据库的连接断开后就自动消失了，而视图不会消失。
> 
> 视图不含有数据，只存储它的定义，它的用途一般可以简化复杂的查询。比如你要对几个表进行连接查询，而且还耍进行统计排疗等操作，写sql语句会很麻烦的，用视图将几个表联结起来，然后对这个视图进行查询操作，就和对一个表查询一样，很方便。

CREATE VIEW "视图表名" AS "SELECT 语句";
    
    例如
    CREATE VIEW V_REGION_SALES AS SELECT A.Region REGION,SUM(B.Sales) SALES FROM location A INNER JOIN store_info B ON A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name GROUP BY REGION;
    
    SELECT * FROM V_REGION_SALES;
    DROP VIEW V_REGION_SALES;

![在这里插入图片描述][596fee0ad8e94cb9a25dacdb1c12db68.png_pic_center]

### 3. UNION（联集） ###

> 将两个sql语句的结果合并起来，两个sql语句所产生的字段需要是同样的数据记录种类。

#union生成结果的数据记录值将没有重复，且按照字段的顺序进行排序
    [SELECT 语句 1] UNION [SELECT 语句 2];
    
    例如
    select Store_Name from location union select Store_Name from store_info;

![在这里插入图片描述][fcb16a6d1d02456c9eb583771900f99f.png_pic_center]

#union all:将生成结果的数据记录值都列出来，无论有无重复
    语法：[SELECT 语句 1] UNION ALL [SELECT 语句 2];
    
    例如
    select Store_Name from location union all select Store_Name from store_info;

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### 4. 交集 ###

> 取两个SQL语句结果的交集

#内连接
    select [distinct] A.字段 from 左表 A inner join 右表 B on A.字段 = B.字段;
    select A.字段 from 左表 A inner join 右表 B using(同名字段);
    
    例如
    SELECT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN store_info B ON A.Store_Name = B.Store_Name;
    SELECT A.Store_Name FROM location A INNER JOIN store_info B USING(Store_Name);

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#左连接
    select B.字段 from 左表 A left join 右表 B on A字段 = B.字段 where B.字段 is not null;
    #右连接
    select A.字段 from 左表 A right join 右表 B on A.字段 = B.字段 where A字段 is not null;
    
    例如
    select B.store_name from location A left join store_info B on A.store_name = B.store_name where B.store_name is not null;
    select A.store_name from location A right join store_info B on A.store_name = B.store_name where A.store_name is not null;

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#查询两表相同字段
    select A.字段 from 左表 A，右表 B where A.字段 = B.字段;
    
    例如
    select B.store_name from location A, store_info B where A.store_name = B.store_name;
    select A.store_name from location A, store_info B where A.store_name = B.store_name;

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#子查询
    select 字段 from 左表 where 字段 in (select 字段 from 右表);
    
    例如
    select store_name from location where store_name in (select store_name from store_info);

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#去重查询
    select distinct B.store_name from location A inner join store_info B using(store_name);
    select B.store_name from location A inner join store_info B using(store_name) group by store_name;

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### 5. 无交集 ###

> 显示第一个SQL语句的结果，且与第二个SQL语句没有交集的结果，且没有重复

#单表无交集查询
    #子查询
    select distinct store_Name from location where (store_name) not in (select Store_Name from store_info);

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#单表无交集查询
    #右连接
    select B.store_name from location A right join store_info B on A.store_name = B.store_name where A.store_name is null;
    
    #左连接
    select A.store_name from location A left join store_info B on A.store_name = B.store_name where ere B.store_name is null;

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#多表无交集查询
    #视图方式
    create view V XXX as select 字段 from 左表 union all select 字段 from 右表;
    select 字段 from V_XXX qroup by 字段 having count(字段) = 1;
    
    例如
    create view V_union as select  store_name from location union all select store_name from store_info;
    select * from V_union;
    select store_name from  V_union group by store_name having count(store_name) = 1;

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#多表无交集查询
    #派生表:将select语句作为一张表来处理
    
    
    例如
    select A.store_name from (select distinct store_name from location union all select distinct store_name from store_info) A group by A.store_name having count(A.store_name) = 1;

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#多表无交集查询
    #若查询之前其中一个表中有重复值，需要在建视图之前进行查重
    create view V_union as select distinct store_name from location union all select distinct store_name from store_info;
    select * from V_union;
    select store_name from V_union group by store_name having count(store_name) = 1;

![在这里插入图片描述][27f7d20a9be04c0a84ba1d40b2de03c6.png_pic_center]

## 五、其他用法 ##

### 1. CASE ###

> case 是 sql 语句用来 IF-THEN-ELSE 之类逻辑的关键字

SELECT CASE ("字段名")
      WHEN "条件1" THEN "结果1"
      WHEN "条件2" THEN "结果2"
      ...
      [ELSE "结果N"]
      END
    FROM "表名";
    
    # "条件" 可以是一个数值或是公式。 ELSE 子句则并不是必须的。
    
    
    例如
    mysql> select Store_Name, case store_name
        -> when 'Los Angeles' then sales * 2
        -> when 'Boston' then 2000
        -> else sales
        -> end
        -> 'New Sales',Date
        -> from store_info;
    #then可以对查询结果进行指定数值

![在这里插入图片描述][66b3fe0473fa4bd997fdd6f20c8af533.png_pic_center]

### 2. NULL 值 ###

#### 2.1 空值（NULL）和无值（“ ”）的区别 ####

无值的长度为 0，不占用空间的；而 NULL 值的长度是 NULL，是占用空间的。
    IS NULL 或者 IS NOT NULL，是用来判断字段是不是为 NULL 或者不是 NULL，不能查出是不是无值的。
    无值的判断使用=''或者<>''来处理。<> 代表不等于。 
    在通过 count()指定字段统计有多少行数时，如果遇到 NULL 值会自动忽略掉，遇到无值会加入到记录中进行计算。

#### 2.2 查询空值与非空值 ####

#计算长度
    select length(null), length('1234'), length('1'), length('');

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#指定字段去统计
    select count(name) from t2;
    select count(*) from t2;

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### 3. 正则表达式 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>匹配模式</th> 
   <th>描述</th> 
   <th>实例</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>^</code></td> 
   <td>匹配文本的开始字符</td> 
   <td><code>^bd</code> 匹配以 bd 开头的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>$</code></td> 
   <td>匹配文本的结束字符</td> 
   <td><code>qn$</code> 匹配以 qn 结尾的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>.</code></td> 
   <td>匹配任何单个字符</td> 
   <td><code>s.t</code> 匹配任何 s 和 t 之间有一个字符的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>*</code></td> 
   <td>匹配零个或多个在它前面的字符</td> 
   <td><code>fo*t</code> 匹配 t 前面有任意个 o</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>+</code></td> 
   <td>匹配前面的字符 1 次或多次</td> 
   <td><code>hom+</code>匹配以 ho 开头，后面至少一个m 的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>字符串</code></td> 
   <td>匹配包含指定的字符串</td> 
   <td><code>clo</code> 匹配含有 clo 的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>`p1</td> 
   <td>p2`</td> 
   <td>匹配 p1 或 p2</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>[...]</code></td> 
   <td>匹配字符集合中的任意一个字符</td> 
   <td><code>[abc]</code> 匹配 a 或者 b 或者 c</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>[^...]</code></td> 
   <td>匹配不在括号中的任何字符</td> 
   <td><code>[^ab]</code> 匹配不包含 a 或者 b 的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>{n}</code></td> 
   <td>匹配前面的字符串 n 次</td> 
   <td><code>g{2}</code> 匹配含有 2 个 g 的字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>{n,m}</code></td> 
   <td>匹配前面的字符串至少 n 次，至多m 次</td> 
   <td><code>f{1,3}</code> 匹配 f 最少 1 次，最多 3 次</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

SELECT "字段" FROM "表名" WHERE "字段" REGEXP {模式};
    	
    例如
    SELECT * FROM store_info WHERE Store_Name REGEXP 'os';
    SELECT * FROM store_info WHERE Store_Name REGEXP '^[A-G]';
    SELECT * FROM store_info WHERE Store_Name REGEXP 'Ho|Bo';

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## 六、存储过程 ##

### 1. 存储过程概念 ###

存储过程是一组为了完成特定功能的SQL语句集合。

存储过程在使用过程中是将常用或者复杂的工作预先使用SQL语句写好并用一个指定的名称存储起来，这个过程经编译和优化后存储在数据库服务器中。当需要使用该存储过程时，只需要调用它即可。存储过程在执行上比传统SQL速度更快、执行效率更高。

### 2. 存储过程的优点 ###

*  执行一次后，会将生成的二进制代码驻留缓冲区，提高执行效率；
 *  SQL语句加上控制语句（where/if）的集合，灵活性高；
 *  在服务器端存储，客户端调用时，降低网络负载；
 *  可多次重复被调用，可随时修改，不影响客户端调用；
 *  可完成所有的数据库操作，也可控制数据库的信息访问权限。

简单来说：存储过程就是sql语句的脚本。

### 3. 存储过程相关操作 ###

#### 3.1 创建存储过程 ####

delimiter $$							#将语句的结束符号从分号;临时改为两个$$(可以是自定义)
    create procedure proc()					#创建存储过程，过程名为Proc，不带参数
    -> begin								#过程体以关键字 BEGIN 开始
    -> select * from store_info;			#过程体语句
    -> end $$								#过程体以关键字 END 结束
    delimiter ;								#将语句的结束符号恢复为分号

![在这里插入图片描述][c99d8f0452e6405ab75e107aaa122ea0.png_pic_center]

创建过程需要数据库的支持，可以进入某个数据库创建或者`create procdure 库名.proc（）`。

#### 3.2 调用存储过程 ####

call proc;

![在这里插入图片描述][281949cb45c64e28b296b9719464f111.png_pic_center]

#### 3.3 查看存储过程 ####

show create procedure [数据库.]存储过程名;		#查看某个存储过程的具体信息
    
    例如
    show create procedure proc;					#查询存储过程内的具体信息
    show procedure status like '%proc%' \G	#模糊查询某个存储过程

![在这里插入图片描述][3481f140992c41a6b62973107c9590d6.png_pic_center]

#### 3.4 存储过程的参数 ####

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>参数</th> 
   <th>含义</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>IN （输入参数）</td> 
   <td>表示调用者向过程传入值（传入值可以是字面量或变量）</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>OUT （输出参数）</td> 
   <td>表示过程向调用者传出值(可以返回多个值)（传出值只能是变量）</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>INOUT （输入输出参数）</td> 
   <td>既表示调用者向过程传入值，又表示过程向调用者传出值（值只能是变量）</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

delimiter $$
    create procedure proc1(in input_name char(10))		
    -> begin					
    -> select * from store_info where store_name = input_name;
    -> end $$					
    delimiter ;					
    
    call proc1('Boston');

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delimiter $$
    create procedure proc2(in input_name char(10), out outsales int)
    -> begin
    -> select sales into outsales from store_info where store_name = input_name;
    -> end $$
    delimiter ;
    call proc2('Boston', @out_sales);					#输出的值只能赋给变量
    select @out_sales;

![在这里插入图片描述][0f16c21e6eae424c83cd5fdab8626a71.png_pic_center]

delimiter $$
    create procedure proc3(inout insales char(10))
    -> begin
    -> select sales into insales from store_info where store_name = insales;
    -> end $$
    delimiter ;
    set @inout_sales='Boston';
    call proc3(@inout_sales);
    select @inout_sales;

![在这里插入图片描述][575b7954f1a3453090a1318437f587f5.png_pic_center]

#### 3.5 删除存储过程 ####

> 存储过程内容的修改方法是通过删除原有存储过程，之后再以相同的名称创建新的存储过程。如果要修改存储过程的名称，可以先删除原存储过程，再以不同的命名创建新的存储过程。

drop procedure if exists proc;		
    #仅当存在时删除，不添加 IF EXISTS 时，如果指定的过程不存在，则产生一个错误

![在这里插入图片描述][e4de2aeca66344cb88f9b77e1ca94943.png_pic_center]

#### 3.6 控制语句 ####

##### 条件语句 #####

if-then-else ···· end if 
    
    例如
    create table game (name varchar(10), sex char(2), team char(3));
    desc game;
    insert into game values ('小红','女','女子组');
    insert into game values ('小白','男','男子组');
    select * from  game;
    
    delimiter $$
    create procedure proc4(in input_name varchar(10), in in_sex char(2))
     -> begin
     -> if in_sex = '男' then
     -> insert into game value (input_name, in_sex, '男子组');
     -> else
     -> insert into game value (input_name, in_sex, '女子组');
     -> end if;
     -> end$$
    delimiter ;
    
    call proc4('小绿','男');
    call proc4('小黄','女');
    select * from  game;

![在这里插入图片描述][02fcecef38444ab7a1f58401c98f8ab2.png_pic_center]

##### 循环语句 #####

while ···· end while
    
    例如
    create table t (id int(10));
    insert into t values(10);
    DELIMITER $$  
    CREATE PROCEDURE proc5()
    -> begin 
    -> declare var int(10);  
    -> set var=0;  
    -> while var<6 do  
    -> insert into t values(var);  
    -> set var=var+1;  
    -> end while;  
    -> end $$  
    
    DELIMITER ;
    
    CALL proc5;

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## 总结 ##

### 1. sql 语句中 HAVING 的用法 ###

having 对 group by 分组后的结果根据条件进行过滤筛选。

### 2. mysql数据库有几种表连接 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>表连接方式</th> 
   <th>含义</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>inner join(内连接)</td> 
   <td>只返回两个表中联结字段相等的行</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>left join(左连接)</td> 
   <td>返回包括左表中的所有记录和右表中联结字段相等的记录</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>right join(右连接</td> 
   <td>返回包括右表中的所有记录和左表中联结字段相等的记录</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

### 3. view视图表是否能更改数据 ###

如果视图表保存的字段是原表字段，那么数据可以被修改。

如果字段是通过函数（聚合函数、group by）处理过的字段，那么数据不能被修改。

### 4. 创建存储过程的步骤 ###

*  先用`delimiter`临时修改sql语句的结束符；
 *  使用`create procedure [库名.]存储过程名()` 创建存储过程；
 *  再用`delimiter`把sql语句的结束符改回分号；
 *  使用`call [库名.]存储过程名`调用存储过程。

[img-M8A30HhZ-1687255797624_C_Users_86138_AppData_Roaming_Typora_typora-user-images_image-20230620140331268.png]: https://image.dandelioncloud.cn/pgy_files/images/2024/04/06/33c3b095a9a54a84aa22029fb9cf91a3.png
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