Python的GUI编程（四）CheckButton（多选）、RadioButton（单选）

清疚 2022-06-01 01:19 169阅读 0赞

## Check Buttons ##

checkbutton小部件用于显示切换按钮的用户多项选择。然后，用户可以通过点击相应的按钮每个选项中选择一个或多个选项.每个选项可以表示两种状态：On和Off，可以设置回调函数，每当点击此按钮时回调函数被调用。

## 语法: ##

这里是一个简单的语法来创建这个widget:

w = Checkbutton ( master, option, ... )

## 参数: ##

*  master: 这表示父窗口.
 *  options: 下面是这个小工具最常用的选项列表。这些选项可以作为键 - 值对以逗号分隔.

<table style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:1px solid silver; word-break:break-word; display:block; overflow-x:scroll; width:671px; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:&quot;PingFang SC&quot;,&quot;Helvetica Neue&quot;,Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size:14px; height:auto!important"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Option</th> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Description</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> activebackground</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Background color when the checkbutton is under the cursor.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> activeforeground</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Foreground color when the checkbutton is under the cursor.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> bg</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The normal background color displayed behind the label and indicator.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> bitmap</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> To display a monochrome image on a button.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> bd</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The size of the border around the indicator. Default is 2 pixels.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> command</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> A procedure to be called every time the user changes the state of this checkbutton.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> cursor</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> If you set this option to a cursor name (<span style="margin:0px; padding:0px">arrow, dot etc.), the mouse cursor will change to that pattern when it is over the checkbutton.</span></td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> disabledforeground</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The foreground color used to render the text of a disabled checkbutton. The default is a stippled version of the default foreground color.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> font</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The font used for the text.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> fg</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The color used to render the text.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> height</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The number of lines of text on the checkbutton. Default is 1.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> highlightcolor</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The color of the focus highlight when the checkbutton has the focus.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> image</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> To display a graphic image on the button.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> justify</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> If the text contains multiple lines, this option controls how the text is justified: CENTER, LEFT, or RIGHT.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> offvalue</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Normally, a checkbutton's associated control variable will be set to 0 when it is cleared (off). You can supply an alternate value for the off state by setting offvalue to that value.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> onvalue</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Normally, a checkbutton's associated control variable will be set to 1 when it is set (on). You can supply an alternate value for the on state by setting onvalue to that value.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> padx</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> How much space to leave to the left and right of the checkbutton and text. Default is 1 pixel.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> pady</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> How much space to leave above and below the checkbutton and text. Default is 1 pixel.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> relief</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> With the default value, relief=FLAT, the checkbutton does not stand out from its background. You may set this option to any of the other styles</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> selectcolor</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The color of the checkbutton when it is set. Default is selectcolor="red".</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> selectimage</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> If you set this option to an image, that image will appear in the checkbutton when it is set.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> state</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The default is state=NORMAL, but you can use state=DISABLED to gray out the control and make it unresponsive. If the cursor is currently over the checkbutton, the state is ACTIVE.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> text</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The label displayed next to the checkbutton. Use newlines ("\n") to display multiple lines of text.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> underline</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> With the default value of -1, none of the characters of the text label are underlined. Set this option to the index of a character in the text (counting from zero) to underline that character.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> variable</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> The control variable that tracks the current state of the checkbutton. Normally this variable is an&nbsp;<span style="margin:0px; padding:0px">IntVar</span>, and 0 means cleared and 1 means set, but see the offvalue and onvalue options above.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> width</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> checkbutton的默认宽度取决于所显示的图像或文字的大小。您可以设置此选项的字符数和checkbutton的，总是有许多字符的空间.</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> wraplength</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:3px; border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; white-space:nowrap"> Normally, lines are not wrapped. You can set this option to a number of characters and all lines will be broken into pieces no longer than that number.</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

## 方法: ##

以下是这个小工具的常用方法:

此部分来源：http://www.cnblogs.com/tkinter/p/5628887.html

**通过回调函数改变Checkbutton的显示文本text的值**

from Tkinter import *
    def callCheckbutton():
        #改变v的值，即改变Checkbutton的显示值
        v.set('check CheckButton')
    
    root = Tk()
    v = StringVar()
    v.set('check python')
    
    #绑定v到Checkbutton的属性textvariable
    Checkbutton(root,textvariable = v,command = callCheckbutton).pack()
    
    root.mainloop()

textvariable 使用方法与Button的用法完全相同，使用此例是为了区别Checkbutton的另外的一个属性variable,此属性与textvariable不同，它是与这个控件本身绑定，Checkbutton自己有值：On和Off值，缺省状态On为1，Off为0

from Tkinter import *
    root=Tk()
    v=IntVar()
    def callCB():
        root1=Tk()
        if v.get()==1:
            Label(root1,text='你的选择是python'+'!',fg='red',width=20,height=6).pack()
            Button(root1,text='确定',width=3,height=1,command=root1.destroy).pack(side='bottom')
    
    checkbutton=Checkbutton(root,text='python',anchor='w',command=callCB,variable=v)
    checkbutton.grid(row=0,column=0)
    
    root.mainloop()

Checkbutton的值不仅仅是1或0，可以是其他类型的数值，可以通过**onvalue**和**offvalue**属性设置Checkbutton的状态值，如下代码将On设置为'python',Off值设置为'Tkinter'，程序的打印值将不再是0或1，而是'Tkinter’或‘python’

from Tkinter import *
    
    root=Tk()
    v=StringVar()
    lis=['python','C++','C','Java']
    def callCB():
        for m in lis:
         if v.get()==m:
            root1 = Tk()
            Label(root1,text='你的选择是'+v.get()+'!',fg='red',width=20,height=6).pack()
            Button(root1,text='确定',width=3,height=1,command=root1.destroy).pack(side='bottom')
    
    Label(root,text='选择你喜欢的编程语言').pack(anchor=W)
    
    checkbutton=Checkbutton(root,text=lis[0],onvalue=lis[0],command=callCB,variable=v)
    checkbutton.pack(anchor=W)
    
    checkbutton1=Checkbutton(root,text=lis[1],onvalue=lis[1],command=callCB,variable=v)
    checkbutton1.pack(anchor=W)
    
    checkbutton2=Checkbutton(root,text=lis[2],onvalue=lis[2],command=callCB,variable=v)
    checkbutton2.pack(anchor=W)
    
    checkbutton3=Checkbutton(root,text=lis[3],onvalue=lis[3],command=callCB,variable=v)
    checkbutton3.pack(anchor=W)
    
    
    root.mainloop()

选择后显示：

![20180116155539374][]

问题：运行程序后默认都选。

## Radio Buttons ##

**单选按钮是一种可在多个预先定义的选项中选择出一项的 Tkinter 控件. 单选按钮可显示文字或图片. 显示文字时只能使用预设字体. 该控件可以绑定一个 Python 函数或方法, 当单选按钮被选择时, 该函数或方法将被调用.   
单选按钮 (Radio Button) 这个名字来源于收音机 (Radio) 上的调频按钮, 这些按钮用来选择特定波段或预设电台. 如果一个按钮被按下, 其他同类的按钮就会弹起, 即同时只有一个按钮可被按下.   
一组单选按钮控件和同一个变量关联. 点击其中一个单选按钮将把这个变量设为某个预定义的值.**

修改上面的例子：

from Tkinter import *
    
    root=Tk()
    v=IntVar()
    lis=['python','C++','C','Java']
    def callCB():
        for i in range(4):
         if v.get()==i:
            root1 = Tk()
            Label(root1,text='你的选择是'+lis[i]+'!',fg='red',width=20,height=6).pack()
            Button(root1,text='确定',width=3,height=1,command=root1.destroy).pack(side='bottom')
    
    Label(root,text='选择一门你喜欢的编程语言').pack(anchor=W)
    
    radiobutton=Radiobutton(root,text=lis[0],value=0,command=callCB,variable=v)
    radiobutton.pack(anchor=W)
    
    radiobutton1=Radiobutton(root,text=lis[1],value=1,command=callCB,variable=v)
    radiobutton1.pack(anchor=W)
    
    radiobutton2=Radiobutton(root,text=lis[2],value=2,command=callCB,variable=v)
    radiobutton2.pack(anchor=W)
    
    radiobutton3=Radiobutton(root,text=lis[3],value=3,command=callCB,variable=v)
    radiobutton3.pack(anchor=W)
    
    root.mainloop()

![20180116155243521][]

上面代码冗长，简化如下：

from Tkinter import *
    
    root=Tk()
    v=IntVar()
    #列表中存储的是元素是元组
    language=[('python',0),('C++',1),('C',2),('Java',3)]
    def callRB():
        for i in range(4):
         if v.get()==i:
            root1 = Tk()
            Label(root1,text='你的选择是'+language[i][0]+'!',fg='red',width=20,height=6).pack()
            Button(root1,text='确定',width=3,height=1,command=root1.destroy).pack(side='bottom')
    
    Label(root,text='选择一门你喜欢的编程语言').pack(anchor=W)
    
    #
    for lan,num in language:
        Radiobutton(root, text=lan, value=num, command=callRB, variable=v).pack(anchor=W)
    
    root.mainloop()

**RadioButton默认的是空心圆形作为选项条目**

**可以用一个文本框来展示选项. 将 indicatoron 选项设置为 0 即可达到该目的: 这表示单选按钮不会有额外的单选指示器. **

![20180116162157675][]

创建不同组：

from Tkinter import *
    
    root=Tk()
    v1=v=IntVar()
    #列表中存储的是元素是元组
    language=[('python',0),('C++',1),('C',2),('Java',3)]
    Animal=[('狗',0),('猫',1),('鸟',2)]
    def callRB():
        for i in range(4):
         if v.get()==i:
            root1 = Tk()
            Label(root1,text='你的选择是'+language[i][0]+'!',fg='red',width=20,height=6).pack()
            Button(root1,text='确定',width=3,height=1,command=root1.destroy).pack(side='bottom')
    
    def callRB1():
        for i in range(4):
         if v1.get()==i:
            root1 = Tk()
            Label(root1,text='你的选择是'+Animal[i][0]+'!',fg='red',width=20,height=6).pack()
            Button(root1,text='确定',width=3,height=1,command=root1.destroy).pack(side='bottom')
    
    
    Label(root,text='选择一门你喜欢的编程语言').pack(anchor=W)
    
    for lan,num in language:
        Radiobutton(root, text=lan, value=num, command=callRB, variable=v,indicatoron=0,width=10,anchor='c').pack()
    
    Label(root,text='选择喜欢的动物',anchor='c').pack()
    for An,num in Animal:
        Radiobutton(root, text=An, value=num, command=callRB1, variable=v1, indicatoron=0, width=10, anchor='c').pack()
    root.mainloop()

![20180116163653143][]

[20180116155539374]: /images/20220601/3259c5c650b44b469383cc61ae396401.png
[20180116155243521]: /images/20220601/7f9d966abf7d45919d78b8de18297f2e.png
[20180116162157675]: /images/20220601/398af598fb4d4a6f816e88b80eba5cee.png
[20180116163653143]: /images/20220601/1fe2f95ee3aa4744b77c28b32108d159.png