Dubbo-入门简介；RPC

柔光的暖阳◎ 2023-09-29 10:31 30阅读 0赞

## 一、RPC ##

**RPC（Remote Procedure Call Protocol）远程过程调用协议**；是一种进程间通信方式，该协议允许运行于一台计 算机的程序调用另一台计算机的程序

RPC主要功能是让构建分布式计算（应用）更容易

RPC基本原理

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_11_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

1、客户端Client通过以本地调用的方式，调用远程接口服务;

2、客户端存根Client Stub接收到调用后，将调用信息对象进行序列化，组装成网络传输的二进制消息体;

3、客户端Client通过Sockets将消息发送到远程服务端;

4、服务端存根Server Stub收到消息后，对网络信息对象进行反序列化解码;

5、服务端存根Server Stub根据解码结果，调用服务端本地的接口服务;

6、本地接口服务执行，并将处理结果返回给服务端存根Server Stub;

7、服务端存根Server Stub将返回结果对象进行序列化，组装成消息体;

8、服务端Server再通过Sockets将消息发送到客户端;

9、客户端存根Client Stub收到结果消息后，对网络信息对象进行序列化解码;

10、客户端Client拿到最终接口处理结果

**分布式系统**

1、分布式系统是若干个独立计算机的集合，这些计算机对于用户来说就像单个相关系统

2、分布式系统是一组通过网络进行通信、为了完成共同的任务而协调工作的计算机节点组成的系统

3、分布式系统的出现是为了用廉价的、普通的机器完成单个计算机无法完成的计算、存储任务。其目的是利用更多的机器，处理更多的数据

## 二、Dubbo简介 ##

Apache **Dubbo** 是一款高性能、轻量级的开源 **Java RPC**服务框架

Apache Dubbo |ˈdʌbəʊ| 提供了六大核心能力：

1、面向接口代理的高性能RPC调用

2、智能容错和负载均衡

3、服务自动注册和发现

4、高度可扩展能力

5、运行期流量调度

6、可视化的服务治理与运维

Dubbo官网 [https://dubbo.apache.org/zh/][https_dubbo.apache.org_zh]

#### Dubbo主要核心部件 ####

**Remoting:** 网络通信框架，实现了 sync-over-async 和 request-response 消息机制.

**RPC:** 一个[远程过程调用][Link 1]的抽象，支持[负载均衡][Link 2]、[容灾][Link 3]和[集群][Link 4]功能

**Registry:** 服务目录框架用于服务的注册和服务事件发布和订阅

#### Dubbo基本架构 ####

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_10_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

**服务提供者（Provider）：**暴露服务的服务提供方，服务提供者在启动时，向注册中心注册自己提供的服务

**服务消费者（Consumer）：**调用远程服务的服务消费方，服务消费者在启动时，向注册中心订阅自己所需的服务，服务消费者，从提供者地址列表中，基于软负载均衡算法，选一台提供者进行调用，如果调用失败，再选另一台调用

**注册中心（Registry）**：注册中心返回服务提供者地址列表给消费者，如果有变更，注册中心将基于长连接推送变更数据给消费者

**监控中心（Monitor）**：服务消费者和提供者，在内存中累计调用次数和调用时间，定时每分钟发送一次统计数据到监控中心

Dubbo支持多种协议：dubbo , hessian , rmi , http, webservice , thrift , memcached , redis

dubbo 官方推荐使用 dubbo 协议；dubbo 协议默认端口 20880

使用 dubbo 协议，spring 配置文件加入：

<dubbo:protocol name="dubbo" port="20880" />

## 三、Dubbo示例 ##

### （一）直连方式 ###

点对点的直连项目：消费者直接访问服务提供者，没有注册中心。消费者必须指定服务提供者的访问地址（url）

消费者直接通过 url 地址访问固定的服务提供者

1、创建一个 maven web 服务提供者（userservice-provider）工程 ；创建数据模型和service接口

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_6_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    
    <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
      <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
      <groupId>com.mycompany.dubbo</groupId>
      <artifactId>dubbo-1-link-userservice-provider</artifactId>
      <version>1.0.0</version>
      <packaging>war</packaging>
    
      <dependencies>
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo</artifactId>
          <version>2.6.2</version>
        </dependency>
    
      </dependencies>
    
      <build>
        <plugins>
          
          <plugin>
            <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.1</version>
            <configuration>
              <source>1.8</source>
              <target>1.8</target>
            </configuration>
          </plugin>
        </plugins>
      </build>
    
    </project>

User.java

注：

**Dubbo传输的对象必须序列化（Serializable）**

不然报错：cause: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Serialized class

/**
     * 必须序列化；实现 Serializable 接口
     * 不然报如下错误
     * cause: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Serialized class com.mycompany.dubbo.model.User must implement java.io.Serializable
     */
    public class User implements Serializable {
        private Integer id;
    
        private String username;
    
        private Integer age;
    
        public Integer getId() {
            return id;
        }
    
        public void setId(Integer id) {
            this.id = id;
        }
    
        public String getUsername() {
            return username;
        }
    
        public void setUsername(String username) {
            this.username = username;
        }
    
        public Integer getAge() {
            return age;
        }
    
        public void setAge(Integer age) {
            this.age = age;
        }
    }

UserService UserServiceImpl

public interface UserService {
        User queryUserById(Integer id);
    }
    
    public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
        @Override
        public User queryUserById(Integer id) {
            User user = new User();
            user.setId(id);
            user.setUsername("admin");
            user.setAge(18);
    
            return user;
        }
    }

spring.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xmlns:dubbo="http://dubbo.apache.org/schema/dubbo"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
           http://dubbo.apache.org/schema/dubbo http://dubbo.apache.org/schema/dubbo/dubbo.xsd">
    
        
        <dubbo:application name="dubbo-1-link-userservice-provider" />
    
        
        <dubbo:protocol name="dubbo" port="20880" />
    
        
        <dubbo:registry address="N/A"/>
    
        
        <dubbo:service interface="com.mycompany.dubbo.service.UserService" ref="userService"/>
    
    
        
        <bean id="userService" class="com.mycompany.dubbo.service.impl.UserServiceImpl"/>
    
        
    
    
    </beans>

web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
             version="4.0">
    
        
        <context-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>classpath:dubbo-userservice-provider.xml</param-value>
        </context-param>
        <listener>
            <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
        </listener>
    
    </web-app>

将其打成 jar 包

服务接口项目的类文件打包为 jar， 安装到 maven 仓库，仓库中的提供者 jar 可以被消费者使用。使用 idea 的 maven 窗口执行 install

我的本地maven仓库配置路径

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_20_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

这时去本机相应路径下查看jar包

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_12_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

2、创建一个 maven web 消费者（userservice-provider）工程 ；创建数据模型和service接口

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_6_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1][]

pom.xml

<groupId>com.mycompany</groupId>
      <artifactId>dubbo-1-link-consumer</artifactId>
      <version>1.0.0</version>
      <packaging>war</packaging>
    
      <dependencies>
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo</artifactId>
          <version>2.6.2</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.mycompany.dubbo</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo-1-link-userservice-provider</artifactId>
          <version>1.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
    
      </dependencies>

UserController.java

@Controller
    public class UserController {
    
        @Autowired
        private UserService userService;
    
        @RequestMapping(value = "/user")
        public String userDetail(Model model, Integer id){
            User user = userService.queryUserById(id);
            model.addAttribute("user",user);
            return "userDetail";
        }
    }

application.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
           xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
    
        
        <context:component-scan base-package="com.mycompany.controller" />
    
        
        <mvc:annotation-driven />
    
        
        <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
            <property name="prefix" value="/"/>
            <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
        </bean>
    
    </beans>

dubbo-consumer.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:dubbo="http://code.alibabatech.com/schema/dubbo"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://code.alibabatech.com/schema/dubbo http://code.alibabatech.com/schema/dubbo/dubbo.xsd">
    
        
        <dubbo:application name="dubbo-1-link-consumer" />
    
        
        <dubbo:registry address="N/A"/>
    
        
        <dubbo:reference id="userService"
                         interface="com.mycompany.dubbo.service.UserService"
                         url="dubbo://localhost:20880"/>
    
    
        
        <dubbo:consumer timeout="10000" />
    </beans>

web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
             version="4.0">
    
      
      <servlet>
        <servlet-name>dispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
          <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
          <param-value>classpath:application.xml,classpath:dubbo-consumer.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
      </servlet>
    
      <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>dispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
      </servlet-mapping>
    
    </web-app>

.jsp

<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
    <html>
    <head>
        <title>用户详情</title>
    </head>
    <body>
    <h1>用户详情</h1>
    <div>用户标识:${user.id}</div>
    <div>用户名称:${user.username}</div>
    </body>
    </html>

此时我们配置Tomcat启动 服务提供者

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_19_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

再启动消费者

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_19_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1][]

这时浏览器打开访问

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_10_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1][]

Dubbo的配置请参考

[配置管理 | Apache Dubbo][_ Apache Dubbo]

本文主要使用的xml标签配置

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_18_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

### （二）服务接口尽可能大粒度 ###

建议将服务接口、服务模型、服务异常等均放在公共包中。 服务接口尽可能大粒度，每个服务方法应代表一个功能，而不是某功能的一个步骤

1、我们创建一个maven Java 接口模块

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_6_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 2][]

将其打成 jar 包

服务接口项目的类文件打包为 jar， 安装到 maven 仓库，仓库中的提供者 jar 可以被消费者使用。使用 idea 的 maven 窗口执行 install

2、创建 maven web模块 服务提供者

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_8_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    
    <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
      <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
      <groupId>com.mycompany.dubbo</groupId>
      <artifactId>dubbo-2-link-userservice-provider</artifactId>
      <version>1.0.0</version>
      <packaging>war</packaging>
    
      <dependencies>
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo</artifactId>
          <version>2.6.2</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.mycompany.dubbo</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo-2-link-interface</artifactId>
          <version>1.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
    
      </dependencies>
    
      <build>
        <plugins>
          
          <plugin>
            <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.1</version>
            <configuration>
              <source>1.8</source>
              <target>1.8</target>
            </configuration>
          </plugin>
        </plugins>
      </build>
    </project>

dubbo-userservice-provider.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xmlns:dubbo="http://dubbo.apache.org/schema/dubbo"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
           http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
           http://dubbo.apache.org/schema/dubbo http://dubbo.apache.org/schema/dubbo/dubbo.xsd">
    
        
        <dubbo:application name="dubbo-2-link-userservice-provider" />
    
        
        <dubbo:protocol name="dubbo" port="20880" />
    
        
        <dubbo:registry address="N/A"/>
    
        
        <dubbo:service interface="com.mycompany.dubbo.service.UserService" ref="userService"/>
    
    
        
        <bean id="userService" class="com.mycompany.dubbo.service.impl.UserServiceImpl"/>
    
        
    
    
    </beans>

web.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <web-app id="WebApp_ID" version="3.0" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd">
    
    	<context-param>
    		<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
    		<param-value>classpath:dubbo-userservice-provider.xml</param-value>
    	</context-param>
    	<listener>
    		<listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    	</listener>
    
    </web-app>

3、创建maven web 消费者模块

![watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_8_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1][]

pom.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    
    <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
      xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
      <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
    
      <groupId>com.mycompany.dubbo</groupId>
      <artifactId>dubbo-2-link-consumer</artifactId>
      <version>1.0.0</version>
      <packaging>war</packaging>
    
      <dependencies>
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
          <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
          <artifactId>spring-webmvc</artifactId>
          <version>5.1.4.RELEASE</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo</artifactId>
          <version>2.6.2</version>
        </dependency>
    
        
        <dependency>
          <groupId>com.mycompany.dubbo</groupId>
          <artifactId>dubbo-2-link-interface</artifactId>
          <version>1.0.0</version>
        </dependency>
    
      </dependencies>
    
      <build>
        <plugins>
          
          <plugin>
            <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
            <version>3.1</version>
            <configuration>
              <source>1.8</source>
              <target>1.8</target>
            </configuration>
          </plugin>
        </plugins>
      </build>
    </project>

applicationContext.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
    <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
           xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
           xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
           xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc"
           xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd">
    
        
        <context:component-scan base-package="com.mycompany.dubbo.controller"/>
    
        
        <mvc:annotation-driven/>
    
        
        <bean class="org.springframework.web.servlet.view.InternalResourceViewResolver">
            <property name="prefix" value="/"/>
            <property name="suffix" value=".jsp"/>
        </bean>
    
    </beans>

dubbo-consumer.xml

web.xml

<servlet>
    		<servlet-name>dispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
    		<servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
    		<init-param>
    			<param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
    			<param-value>classpath:applicationContext.xml,classpath:dubbo-consumer.xml</param-value>
    		</init-param>
    	</servlet>
    	<servlet-mapping>
    		<servlet-name>dispatcherServlet</servlet-name>
    		<url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    	</servlet-mapping>

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[https_dubbo.apache.org_zh]: https://dubbo.apache.org/zh/
[Link 1]: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%BF%9C%E7%A8%8B%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E8%B0%83%E7%94%A8
[Link 2]: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E8%B4%9F%E8%BD%BD%E5%9D%87%E8%A1%A1
[Link 3]: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%AE%B9%E7%81%BE
[Link 4]: https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4
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[watermark_type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4_size_10_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16 1]: https://img-blog.csdnimg.cn/88be723048fb4032b56fbd65d62222ec.png?x-oss-process=image/watermark,type_d3F5LXplbmhlaQ,shadow_50,text_Q1NETiBATWluZ2dlUWluZ2NodW4=,size_10,color_FFFFFF,t_70,g_se,x_16
[_ Apache Dubbo]: https://dubbo.apache.org/zh/docs/concepts/configuration/
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