Ubuntu nginx 使用包管理工具安装 && 源码包安装

男娘i 2023-07-04 11:04 1阅读 0赞

**总目录** \- [Ubuntu 应用软件安装 && 开发环境搭建测试 目录][Ubuntu _ _ _]

### 文章目录 ###

*   *  使用包管理工具安装
     *   *  安装
         *  nginx安装位置
         *  nginx服务的启动、停止及测试页面的访问
     *  编译源码包方式安装
     *   *  安装命令
         *  nginx的home目录
         *  nginx服务的启动、停止以及测试页面的访问
     *  依赖问题
     *  nginx的配置

## 使用包管理工具安装 ##

### 安装 ###

*  查询要安装的软件包名称 `apt-cache search nginx`

wuyujin@ubuntu18:~$ apt-cache search nginx | grep ^nginx
    nginx - small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server
    nginx-common - small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server - common files
    nginx-core - nginx web/proxy server (standard version)
    nginx-doc - small, powerful, scalable web/proxy server - documentation
    nginx-extras - nginx web/proxy server (extended version)
    nginx-full - nginx web/proxy server (standard version)
    nginx-light - nginx web/proxy server (basic version)
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~$

由结果可知，要安装的软件包名为`nginx`(其他也可以)。

*  安装 `sudo apt-get install nginx`
 *  查询安装位置 `dpkg -L nginx`  
    若软件包未安装，会显示`package 'nginx' is not installed`：

wuyujin@ubuntu18:~$ dpkg -L nginx
    dpkg-query: package 'nginx' is not installed
    Use dpkg --info (= dpkg-deb --info) to examine archive files,
    and dpkg --contents (= dpkg-deb --contents) to list their contents.
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~$

若软件包已安装，会显示安装位置：

wuyujin@ubuntu18:~$ dpkg -L nginx
    /.
    /usr
    /usr/share
    /usr/share/doc
    /usr/share/doc/nginx
    /usr/share/doc/nginx/copyright
    /usr/share/doc/nginx/changelog.Debian.gz
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~$

*  卸载并清除配置 `sudo apt-get remove nginx --purge`

### nginx安装位置 ###

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>类型</th> 
   <th>路径</th> 
   <th>作用</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td>directory</td> 
   <td>/etc/nginx/</td> 
   <td>配置文件目录</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>directory</td> 
   <td>/var/log/nginx/</td> 
   <td>默认日志目录</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>directory</td> 
   <td>/var/www/html/</td> 
   <td>默认虚拟主机</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>file</td> 
   <td>/etc/nginx/nginx,conf</td> 
   <td>配置文件</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>file</td> 
   <td>/usr/sbin/nginx</td> 
   <td>nginx启动脚本</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td>file</td> 
   <td>/etc/init.d/nginx</td> 
   <td>nginx服务管理脚本</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

其中，默认虚拟目录`/var/www/html/`下有两个默认的HTML文件：

wuyujin@ubuntu18:/var/www/html$ ll
    total 24
    drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  4096 2月  14 22:24 ./
    drwxr-xr-x 3 root root  4096 1月  31 21:20 ../
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 10918 2月  14 22:24 index.html
    -rw-r--r-- 1 root root   612 1月  31 21:20 index.nginx-debian.html

一会启动nginx之后，可以测试能否访问到这两个文件。

### nginx服务的启动、停止及测试页面的访问 ###

*  服务的管理
    
     *  查看服务状态 `/etc/init.d/nginx status`
     *  启动服务 `/etc/init.d/nginx start`
     *  停止服务 `/etc/init.d/nginx stop`
     *  重载配置 `/etc/init.d/nginx reload`
 *  运行
    
    1.  启动nginx服务器 `/etc/init.d/nginx start`
    2.  访问nginx  
        nginx默认监听HTTP协议的`80`端口，所以直接访问localhost:80即可。若如下图：  
        ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3d1eXVqaW4xOTk3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]  
        其实这里访问的是`/var/www/html`目录下的`index.html`文件，等同于：localhost:80/index.html。  
        也可以访问：localhost:80/index.nginx-debian.html  
        ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3d1eXVqaW4xOTk3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 1]  
        以上，若访问成功，则表示nginx环境搭建成功。
    3.  停止nginx `/etc/init.d/nginx stop`
    4.  再次访问localhost:80，若不能访问，合理。这表示服务配置成功。

## 编译源码包方式安装 ##

### 安装命令 ###

我打算把nginx安装到`/opt/nginx/`目录中，以下操作用普通用户`wuyujin`执行。

wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz  # 下载源码包，其他版本见<http://nginx.org/en/download.html>。
    
    sudo mkdir /opt/nginx               # 新建nginx安装目录
    sudo chown wuyujin -R /opt/nginx/   # 修改目录属主
    
    tar -zxf nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz        # 解压源码包
    cd nginx-1.16.1/                    # 进入源码文件夹
    
    ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx     # 配置
    make            # 编译
    make install    # 安装
    
    ll /opt/nginx/  # 查看目录结构
    tree /opt/nginx -L 2

操作过程如下：

wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads$ sudo mkdir /opt/nginx               # 新建nginx安装目录
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads$ sudo chown wuyujin -R /opt/nginx/   # 修改目录属主
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads$ tar -zxf nginx-1.16.1.tar.gz        # 解压源码包
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads$ cd nginx-1.16.1/                    # 进入源码文件夹
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$ ./configure --prefix=/opt/nginx     # 配置
    checking for OS
     + Linux 5.3.0-40-generic x86_64
    checking for C compiler ... found
     + using GNU C compiler
     + gcc version: 7.5.0 (Ubuntu 7.5.0-3ubuntu1~18.04) 
    checking for gcc -pipe switch ... found
    / ... 省略多行信息
    creating objs/Makefile
    
    Configuration summary
      + using system PCRE library
      + OpenSSL library is not used
      + using system zlib library
    
      nginx path prefix: "/opt/nginx"
      nginx binary file: "/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx"
      nginx modules path: "/opt/nginx/modules"
      nginx configuration prefix: "/opt/nginx/conf"
      nginx configuration file: "/opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
      nginx pid file: "/opt/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
      nginx error log file: "/opt/nginx/logs/error.log"
      nginx http access log file: "/opt/nginx/logs/access.log"
      nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
      nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
      nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
      nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
      nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"
    
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$ make            # 编译
    make -f objs/Makefile
    make[1]: Entering directory '/home/wuyujin/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1'
    cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
    	-o objs/src/core/nginx.o \
    	src/core/nginx.c
    / ... 省略多行信息
    cc -c -pipe  -O -W -Wall -Wpointer-arith -Wno-unused-parameter -Werror -g  -I src/core -I src/event -I src/event/modules -I src/os/unix -I objs \
    	-o objs/ngx_modules.o \
    	objs/ngx_modules.c
    cc -o objs/nginx \
    objs/src/core/nginx.o \
    / ...省略多行信息
    objs/src/http/modules/ngx_http_upstream_zone_module.o \
    objs/ngx_modules.o \
    -ldl -lpthread -lcrypt -lpcre -lz \
    -Wl,-E
    sed -e "s|%%PREFIX%%|/opt/nginx|" \
    	-e "s|%%PID_PATH%%|/opt/nginx/logs/nginx.pid|" \
    	-e "s|%%CONF_PATH%%|/opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf|" \
    	-e "s|%%ERROR_LOG_PATH%%|/opt/nginx/logs/error.log|" \
    	< man/nginx.8 > objs/nginx.8
    make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/wuyujin/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1'
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$ make install    # 安装
    make -f objs/Makefile install
    make[1]: Entering directory '/home/wuyujin/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1'
    test -d '/opt/nginx' || mkdir -p '/opt/nginx'
    test -d '/opt/nginx/sbin' \
    	|| mkdir -p '/opt/nginx/sbin'
    test ! -f '/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx' \
    	|| mv '/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx' \
    		'/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx.old'
    cp objs/nginx '/opt/nginx/sbin/nginx'
    test -d '/opt/nginx/conf' \
    	|| mkdir -p '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/koi-win '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/koi-utf '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/win-utf '/opt/nginx/conf'
    test -f '/opt/nginx/conf/mime.types' \
    	|| cp conf/mime.types '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/mime.types '/opt/nginx/conf/mime.types.default'
    test -f '/opt/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params' \
    	|| cp conf/fastcgi_params '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/fastcgi_params \
    	'/opt/nginx/conf/fastcgi_params.default'
    test -f '/opt/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf' \
    	|| cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/fastcgi.conf '/opt/nginx/conf/fastcgi.conf.default'
    test -f '/opt/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params' \
    	|| cp conf/uwsgi_params '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/uwsgi_params \
    	'/opt/nginx/conf/uwsgi_params.default'
    test -f '/opt/nginx/conf/scgi_params' \
    	|| cp conf/scgi_params '/opt/nginx/conf'
    cp conf/scgi_params \
    	'/opt/nginx/conf/scgi_params.default'
    test -f '/opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf' \
    	|| cp conf/nginx.conf '/opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf'
    cp conf/nginx.conf '/opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf.default'
    test -d '/opt/nginx/logs' \
    	|| mkdir -p '/opt/nginx/logs'
    test -d '/opt/nginx/logs' \
    	|| mkdir -p '/opt/nginx/logs'
    test -d '/opt/nginx/html' \
    	|| cp -R html '/opt/nginx'
    test -d '/opt/nginx/logs' \
    	|| mkdir -p '/opt/nginx/logs'
    make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/wuyujin/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1'
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$ ll /opt/nginx/  # 查看目录结构
    total 24
    drwxr-xr-x  6 wuyujin root    4096 2月   9 23:48 ./
    drwxr-xr-x 17 root    root    4096 2月   9 23:47 ../
    drwxr-xr-x  2 wuyujin wuyujin 4096 2月   9 23:48 conf/
    drwxr-xr-x  2 wuyujin wuyujin 4096 2月   9 23:48 html/
    drwxr-xr-x  2 wuyujin wuyujin 4096 2月   9 23:48 logs/
    drwxr-xr-x  2 wuyujin wuyujin 4096 2月   9 23:48 sbin/
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$

*  查看nginx安装目录下的内容：

wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$ tree /opt/nginx -L 2
    /opt/nginx
    ├── conf
    │   ├── fastcgi.conf
    │   ├── fastcgi.conf.default
    │   ├── fastcgi_params
    │   ├── fastcgi_params.default
    │   ├── koi-utf
    │   ├── koi-win
    │   ├── mime.types
    │   ├── mime.types.default
    │   ├── nginx.conf
    │   ├── nginx.conf.default
    │   ├── scgi_params
    │   ├── scgi_params.default
    │   ├── uwsgi_params
    │   ├── uwsgi_params.default
    │   └── win-utf
    ├── html
    │   ├── 50x.html
    │   └── index.html
    ├── logs
    └── sbin
        └── nginx
    
    4 directories, 18 files
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:~/Downloads/nginx-1.16.1$

*  配置环境变量  
    编辑`/etc/profile`，添加如下配置：

# nginx
    export NGINX_HOME=/opt/nginx
    export PATH=$NGINX_HOME/sbin:$PATH

重启使最新配置对所有用户生效。

*  测试  
    `echo $NGINX_HOME`  
    `whereis nginx` **在哪里有**|查看`PATH`环境变量下，以此有哪些路径下有`nginx`。  
    `which nginx` **是哪个**|查看要执行的nginx的位置。  
    确定是我们配置的`/opt//nginx/sbin/nginx`，就可以测试了。  
    `nginx -v` 查看版本  
    `nginx -h` 查看帮助信息

### nginx的home目录 ###

编译源码包方式安装， 相关的目录基本都在一个目录下。我的是`/opt/nginx/`

*  查看nginx安装目录下的内容：

可以看到，默认的html目录下有两个html页面：index.html和50x.html。  
那么，启动nginx服务器之后，就可以访问到这两个页面了。

### nginx服务的启动、停止以及测试页面的访问 ###

*  启动nginx

wuyujin@ubuntu18:/opt/nginx/sbin$ ./nginx -h # 查看帮助信息
    nginx version: nginx/1.16.1
    Usage: nginx [-?hvVtTq] [-s signal] [-c filename] [-p prefix] [-g directives]
    
    Options:
      -?,-h         : this help
      -v            : show version and exit
      -V            : show version and configure options then exit
      -t            : test configuration and exit
      -T            : test configuration, dump it and exit
      -q            : suppress non-error messages during configuration testing
      -s signal     : send signal to a master process: stop, quit, reopen, reload
      -p prefix     : set prefix path (default: /opt/nginx/)
      -c filename   : set configuration file (default: conf/nginx.conf)
      -g directives : set global directives out of configuration file
    
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:/opt/nginx/sbin$ nginx start # 试图启动
    nginx: invalid option: "start"
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:/opt/nginx/sbin$ nginx 	  # 不加参数启动
    nginx: [emerg] bind() to 0.0.0.0:80 failed (13: Permission denied)
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:/opt/nginx/sbin$ sudo nginx  # 启动
    wuyujin@ubuntu18:/opt/nginx/sbin$

可以看到，通过源码包安装后，直接通过`nginx`脚本来启动nginx，不用加`start`。  
并且要用超级管理员的权限执行：`sudo nginx`，就是启动。  
从`-c filename : set configuration file (default: conf/nginx.conf)`选项可知，默认会加载`conf/nginx.conf`作为配置文件，  
也可以自己指定，如：`sudo /opt/nginx/sbin/nginx -c ~/Desktop/my_nginx.conf`。

*  访问localhost:80  
    访问index.html:  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3d1eXVqaW4xOTk3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 2]  
    访问不存在的页面，会报404错误：  
    ![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3d1eXVqaW4xOTk3_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70 3]  
    以上，表示我们通过源码包安装的nginx也可以正常使用了。

## 依赖问题 ##

如果在安装出现问题(我是在源码包方式安装的过程中碰到的问题)，如缺少依赖等，执行以下：

*  安装依赖 `sudo apt-get install gcc g++ autoconf automake make pcre pcre-devel openssl openssl-devel`

其中，PCRE依赖如果不能通过包管理工具直接安装，使用以下操作，下载源码包编译安装：

wget https://ftp.pcre.org/pub/pcre/pcre-8.00.tar.gz # 更多版本见<http://www.pcre.org/>
    tar -zxvf pcre-8.40.tar.gz 
    cd pcre-8.00/
    ./configure
    make
    make install
    whatis pcre  # Perl-compatible regular expressions

## nginx的配置 ##

先放一些基本的配置，后期会陆续补充更多细节：

server {
        listen      80;
        server_name localhost;
        index index.html index.htm index.php;
        root /var/www/html/statium;
        location / {
            root /var/www/html/statium;
            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html last;
            index index.html;
        }
        error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root html;
        }
    }

[Ubuntu _ _ _]: https://blog.csdn.net/wuyujin1997/article/details/104143315
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