powershell-基础语法和常用函数说明

迈不过友情╰ 2023-03-04 06:40 121阅读 0赞

# 前言 #

平常日常开发过程中，经常需要做一些命令式的步骤，比如上传打包，上传服务器，运行程序等。这些步骤本身不难，如果重复做的话，容易出错。所以最好封装成命令文件，一键执行即可。命令行windows有cmd，linux有bash等，难道就没有一个跨平台的命令行吗？答案是有的，这就是[powershell][]。

> powershell本来是windows下的脚本，2016年之后支持跨平台。

# 跨平台 #

打开powershell的安装文档，会发现powershell支持的平台蛮多：  
![在这里插入图片描述][watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NzZWhz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]

# 当前版本 #

7.0.3

# 查看帮助 #

get-help *

或者（一点点看）

get-help * | more

# 语法 #

## 定义变量 ##

变量以`$`开头

$name='abcdefgh'

## [定义函数][Link 1] ##

function Test-MrParameter { 
    
        param (
            $ComputerName
        )
    
        Write-Output $ComputerName
    	Write-Output ($ComputerName+$ComputerName)
    	Write-Output ($ComputerName+$ComputerName+$ComputerName)
    }

### 参数类型 ###

使用`[type]`来定义参数的类型，放在参数的前面

function Test-MrParameter { 
    
        param (
            [string]$ComputerName
        )
    
        Write-Output $ComputerName
    	Write-Output ($ComputerName+$ComputerName)
    	Write-Output ($ComputerName+$ComputerName+$ComputerName)
    }

### 参数默认值 ###

用`=`来定义默认值。

function Test-MrParameter { 
    
        param (
            [string]$ComputerName = 'eureka'
        )
    
        Write-Output $ComputerName
    	Write-Output ($ComputerName+$ComputerName)
    	Write-Output ($ComputerName+$ComputerName+$ComputerName)
    }

### 查看和使用函数 ###

Get-Command -Name Test-MrParameter -Syntax
    Test-MrParameter -ComputerName 'this is a computer name'
    pause

输出

Test-MrParameter [[-ComputerName] <Object>]
    
    this is a computer name
    按 Enter 键继续...:

## 定义数组 ##

以`@(`开头`)`结尾，中间`,`分隔（测试不用加`@`也可以）

$arr=@(1,2,3)

## 定义字典 ##

以`@{`开头`}`结尾，每个键占一行。

$map=@{ a=1
    b=2}

## for循环 ##

for($i=0;$i -le 100;$i++){ Write-Host $i}

## foreach循环 ##

foreach($p in Get-Process){ Write-Host $p.Name}

# 进程 #

## Get-Process [查看现有进程][Link 2] ##

Get-Process

## Start-Process [开启新的进程][Link 3] ##

Start-Process -FilePath 'docker' -ArgumentList 'stack','ls' -WorkingDirectory .
    Start-Process -FilePath "notepad" -WindowStyle Maximized

## Wait-Process [等待进程结束][Link 4] ##

Wait-Process -Id (Get-Process notepad | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Id)

## Stop-Process [关闭进程][Link 5] ##

Stop-Process -Id (Get-Process notepad | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Id)

## Debug-Process [调试进程][Link 6] ##

Debug-Process -Id (Get-Process notepad | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Id)

# 当前会话的后台任务 #

会话关闭之后，后台任务也关闭

## Get-Job [查看任务][Link 7] ##

Get-Job

## Start-Job [开始任务（类似nohup…&）][nohup] ##

Start-Job -ScriptBlock {  Start-Sleep -Seconds 60 }

## Wait-Job [等待任务][Link 8] ##

Wait-Job -Id (Get-Job | Select-Object -First 1 -ExpandProperty Id)

## Receive-Job [接收任务消息][Link 9] ##

Receive-Job -Id (Get-Job | Select-Object -Last 1 -ExpandProperty Id) -Wait

## Stop-Job [停止任务][Link 10] ##

Stop-Job -Id (Get-Job | Select-Object -First 1 -ExpandProperty Id)

停止之后，任务的状态发生改变，还是在任务列表里

## Remove-Job [移除任务][Link 11] ##

Remove-Job -Id (Get-Job | Select-Object -ExpandProperty Id)

# 当前会话的后台线程任务 #

## Start-ThreadJob [开启线程任务][Link 12] ##

线程任务是后台任务的一种，任务在会话的线程里面运行。可以指定执行任务的线程数，超过最大任务数后，任务排队执行，类似任务队列。

Start-ThreadJob -ScriptBlock {  1..100 | % {  Start-Sleep 1; "Output $_" } } -ThrottleLimit 2

# 控制台 #

## Get-Host [控制台信息][Link 13] ##

Get-Host

## Read-Host [读取控制台][Link 14] ##

$name=Read-Host 'enter your name';Write-Host $name

## Write-Host [自定义输出到控制台][Link 15] ##

Write-Host 'hello world'

## Out-Host [输出到控制台][Link 16] ##

支持分页

Get-Process | Out-Host -Paging

## Clear-Host [清空控制台][Link 17] ##

Clear-Host

# 字符串 #

## Select-String [字符串选择][Link 18] ##

选择字符串cmdlet在输入字符串和文件中搜索文本和文本模式。您可以使用与UNIX中的grep或Windows中的findstr.exe类似的选择字符串。

'Hello', 'HELLO', 'HELLO' | Select-String -Pattern 'HELLO' -CaseSensitive -SimpleMatch -AllMatches

## Join-String [将管道中的对象组合为单个字符串][Link 19] ##

Get-Process | Join-String -Property Name -Separator '|' -OutputPrefix '<' -OutputSuffix '>'

## Out-String [将对象作为一系列字符串发送到主机][Link 20] ##

Get-Process | Out-String

## ConvertTo-SecureString [转换加密的标准字符串以保护字符串][Link 21] ##

$secure=ConvertTo-SecureString -String 'hello world' -AsPlainText

## ConvertFrom-SecureString [将安全字符串转换为加密的标准字符串][Link 22] ##

ConvertFrom-SecureString -SecureString $secure -AsPlainText

## ConvertFrom-StringData [将包含一个或多个键和值对的字符串转换为散列表][Link 23] ##

$Here = @' Msg1 = The string parameter is required. Msg2 = Credentials are required for this command. Msg3 = The specified variable does not exist. '@
    ConvertFrom-StringData -StringData $Here
    
    Name                           Value
    ----                           -----
    Msg3                           The specified variable does not exist.
    Msg2                           Credentials are required for this command.
    Msg1                           The string parameter is required.

# 网络 #

## Invoke-WebRequest [从因特网上的网页获取内容][Link 24] ##

Invoke-WebRequest cmdlet向web页面或web服务发送HTTP和HTTPS请求。它解析响应并返回链接、图像和其他重要HTML元素的集合。

### 下载文件 ###

Invoke-WebRequest -Uri https://github.com/PowerShell/PowerShell/releases/download/v7.0.3/PowerShell-7.0.3-win-x64.msi -OutFile ./PowerShell-7.0.3-win-x64.msi

## Invoke-RestMethod [向RESTful web服务发送HTTP或HTTPS请求][RESTful web_HTTP_HTTPS] ##

Invoke-RestMethod cmdlet向返回丰富结构数据的具像状态传输(Representational State Transfer, REST) web服务发送HTTP和HTTPS请求。

# 工作目录 #

## Get-Location [获取当前工作目录][Link 25] ##

Get-Location

## Set-Location [设置当前工作目录][Link 26] ##

Set-Location -Path /root

## Push-Location [将当前位置添加到位置堆栈的顶部][Link 27] ##

Push-Location -Path 'D:' -StackName 'a'
    Push-Location -Path 'D:\Program Files\' -StackName 'a'
    Push-Location -Path 'D:\Program Files\Java\' -StackName 'a'

## Pop-Location [将当前位置更改为最近压入堆栈的位置][Link 28] ##

Pop-Location -StackName 'a'
    Pop-Location -StackName 'a'
    Pop-Location -StackName 'a'

# 路径 #

## Test-Path [确定路径的所有元素是否存在][Link 29] ##

Test-Path -Path /a/b

## Resolve-Path [解析路径中的通配符，并显示路径内容][Link 30] ##

Resolve-Path /root/javacv.pdf -Relative

## Convert-Path [将路径从PowerShell路径转换为PowerShell提供程序路径][PowerShell_PowerShell] ##

Convert-Path -Path ~

## Join-Path [将路径和子路径组合为单个路径][Link 31] ##

Join-Path -Path /root -ChildPath /lll

## Split-Path [返回路径的指定部分][Link 32] ##

### 父目录 ###

Split-Path -Path 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_221\bin\java.exe' -Parent

### 文件名 ###

Split-Path -Path 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_221\bin\java.exe' -Leaf

### 文件后缀名 ###

Split-Path -Path 'C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_221\bin\java.exe' -Extension

# IO #

文件操作

## Get-Item [获取位于指定位置的项][Link 33] ##

Get-Item -Path .\编解码.png

## Get-ChildItem [获取一个或多个指定位置中的项和子项][Link 34] ##

Get-ChildItem -Path . -Filter .git -Recurse -Force

## Remove-Item [删除指定的项][Link 35] ##

Remove-Item -Path . -Filter .git -Recurse -Force

## Move-Item [将项从一个位置移动到另一个位置][Link 36] ##

Move-Item -Path .\编解码.png -Destination 'C:\Users\zhang\Desktop\'

## Copy-Item [将项目从一个位置复制到另一个位置][Link 37] ##

Copy-Item -Path .\codec.png -Destination 'C:\Users\zhang\Desktop\'

## Rename-Item [重命名PowerShell提供程序名称空间中的项][PowerShell] ##

Rename-Item -Path .\编解码.png -NewName codec.png

# 剪切板 #

## Get-Clipboard [获取剪切板数据][Link 38] ##

Get-Clipboard

## Set-Clipboard [设置剪切板数据][Link 39] ##

Set-Clipboard -Value "hello world"

[powershell]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/scripting/install/installing-powershell-core-on-linux?view=powershell-7
[watermark_type_ZmFuZ3poZW5naGVpdGk_shadow_10_text_aHR0cHM6Ly9ibG9nLmNzZG4ubmV0L3NzZWhz_size_16_color_FFFFFF_t_70]: /images/20230208/82cf9c4d7d714ac38e2405a510039cbb.png
[Link 1]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/scripting/learn/ps101/09-functions?view=powershell-7
[Link 2]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/get-process?view=powershell-7
[Link 3]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/Start-Process?view=powershell-7
[Link 4]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/wait-process?view=powershell-7
[Link 5]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/stop-process?view=powershell-7
[Link 6]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/debug-process?view=powershell-7
[Link 7]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/Get-Job?view=powershell-7
[nohup]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/start-job?view=powershell-7
[Link 8]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/wait-job?view=powershell-7
[Link 9]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/receive-job?view=powershell-7
[Link 10]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/stop-job?view=powershell-7
[Link 11]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/remove-job?view=powershell-7
[Link 12]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/threadjob/start-threadjob?view=powershell-7
[Link 13]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Get-Host?view=powershell-7
[Link 14]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Read-Host?view=powershell-7
[Link 15]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Write-Host?view=powershell-7
[Link 16]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/Out-Host?view=powershell-7
[Link 17]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Core/Clear-Host?view=powershell-7
[Link 18]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Select-String?view=powershell-7
[Link 19]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Join-String?view=powershell-7
[Link 20]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Out-String?view=powershell-7
[Link 21]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Security/ConvertTo-SecureString?view=powershell-7
[Link 22]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Security/ConvertFrom-SecureString?view=powershell-7
[Link 23]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/ConvertFrom-StringData?view=powershell-7
[Link 24]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Utility/Invoke-WebRequest?view=powershell-7
[RESTful web_HTTP_HTTPS]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.utility/invoke-restmethod?view=powershell-7
[Link 25]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/Get-Location?view=powershell-7
[Link 26]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/Set-Location?view=powershell-7
[Link 27]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/Pop-Location?view=powershell-7
[Link 28]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/pop-location?view=powershell-7
[Link 29]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/Test-Path?view=powershell-7
[Link 30]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/resolve-path?view=powershell-7
[PowerShell_PowerShell]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/convert-path?view=powershell-7
[Link 31]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/join-path?view=powershell-7
[Link 32]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/split-path?view=powershell-7
[Link 33]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/Get-Item?view=powershell-7
[Link 34]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/Microsoft.PowerShell.Management/get-childitem?view=powershell-7
[Link 35]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/remove-item?view=powershell-7
[Link 36]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/move-item?view=powershell-7
[Link 37]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/copy-item?view=powershell-7
[PowerShell]: https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/rename-item?view=powershell-7
[Link 38]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/set-clipboard?view=powershell-7
[Link 39]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/powershell/module/microsoft.powershell.management/get-clipboard?view=powershell-7