JackDan的Linux之Yum源管理

ゝ一纸荒年。 2022-11-28 13:41 152阅读 0赞

# JackDan的Linux之YUM源管理 #

![YUM][]

## YUM定义 ##

*  YUM是自由和开源 的命令行 包管理用于运行计算机程序的Linux 操作系统使用RPM包管理器。
 *  YUM(Yellowdog Updater, Modified )是一个RPM系统的自动更新和软件包安装/卸载器。
 *  YUM可以自动计算依赖和找出想要安装的软件包。这使得YUM更容易而不必手动更新每一个使用RPM维护机器的"软件组"。
 *  YUM有一个添加简单功能的插件接口。
 *  YUM也能够通过她的模块接口被其他的Python程序使用。

--------------------

## YUM使用 ##

*  有许多可用于Linux系统的软件包管理器。一些软件包管理器提供图形化Web界面，包含搜索功能, 允许从远程位置安装更新以及在有薪软件包可用时提供电子邮件通知。提供所有这些功能的一个程序包管理器时YUM(Yellowdog Updater Modified)。

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### 配置YUM ###

*  YUM从一个或者多个配置文件读取其配置。主要配置文件通常存储在`/etc/yum.conf`中, 并包含检索和安装软件包时使用的默认设置。CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611服务器的示例配置文件如下所示:

[root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/yum.conf 
    [main]
    cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
    keepcache=0
    debuglevel=2
    logfile=/var/log/yum.log
    exactarch=1
    obsoletes=1
    gpgcheck=1
    plugins=1
    installonly_limit=5
    bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
    distroverpkg=centos-release
    
    
    # This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
    # is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
    # download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
    # information.
    # It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
    # Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
    # interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
    # manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
    # metadata_expire=90m
    
    # PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
    # in /etc/yum.repos.d

*  除了`yum.conf`手册页(manual page)中介绍的主要`yum.conf`配置文件之外, yum还将在目录`/etc/yum.repos.d`中查找远程存储库定义。以下包括来自CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611服务器的示例存储库定义:

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# pwd
    /etc/yum.repos.d
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls -al
    total 80
    drwxr-xr-x.   2 root root 4096 Aug  5 17:34 .
    drwxr-xr-x. 115 root root 8192 Aug 17 17:41 ..
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root 1664 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-Base.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root 1309 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-CR.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  649 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  314 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  630 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-Media.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root 1331 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-Sources.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root 2893 Nov 30  2016 CentOS-Vault.repo
    -rw-r--r--    1 root root 1050 Sep 18  2019 epel.repo
    -rw-r--r--    1 root root 1149 Sep 18  2019 epel-testing.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  669 May  2  2019 ius-archive.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  591 May  2  2019 ius.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  669 May  2  2019 ius-testing.repo
    -rw-r--r--.   1 root root  113 Jul 15  2014 nginx.repo
    -rw-r--r--    1 root root 9154 Apr 27 18:40 pgdg-redhat-all.repo

*  CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611默认的`/etc/yum.repos.d`配置如下:

[root@localhost]/etc/yum.repos.d# pwd
    /etc/yum.repos.d
    [root@localhost]/etc/yum.repos.d# ls -al
    total 64
    drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root 4096 Jun 15 17:56 .
    drwxr-xr-x. 81 root root 8192 Jul 27 18:14 ..
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root 1664 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-Base.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root 1309 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-CR.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root  649 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root  314 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-fasttrack.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root  630 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-Media.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root 1331 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-Sources.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root 7577 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-Vault.repo
    -rw-r--r--.  1 root root  616 Apr  8 06:01 CentOS-x86_64-kernel.repo

*  可以看出，CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611服务器的`/etc/yum.repos.d`除了默认的还存在个人新增的yum远程存储库定义(remote repository definitions)。
 *  CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611示例存储库的定义:

[root@localhost]/etc/yum.repos.d# cat CentOS-Base.repo 
    # CentOS-Base.repo
    #
    # The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
    # update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
    # geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates
    # unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
    #
    # If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the 
    # remarked out baseurl= line instead.
    #
    #
    
    [base]
    name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
    mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os&infra=$infra
    #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=1
    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
    
    #released updates 
    [updates]
    name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
    mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates&infra=$infra
    #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=1
    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
    
    #additional packages that may be useful
    [extras]
    name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
    mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras&infra=$infra
    #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=1
    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
    
    #additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
    [centosplus]
    name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
    mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus&infra=$infra
    #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
    gpgcheck=1
    enabled=0
    gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
    
    [root@localhost]/etc/yum.repos.d#

*  每个人存储库(repository)定义均以括号内(enclosed in brackets)的描述性名称开头。每个存储库定义节中的一行带有描述性名称, 一个标志, 用于指示是否应检查GPG签名以及检索更新的位置以及用于对更新进行签名的GPG密钥。可以在URL中使用变量, 在上面的示例中, `$releasever`和`$basearch`变量用于引用操作系统版本和更新所在的文件系统库。

### yum下载缓慢(国内) ###

*  CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611服务器默认的远程存储库国内下载镜像资源会比较缓慢，这里推荐几种国内源的配置方式。

#### 阿里源配置 ####

*  1.  首先进入CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611服务器`/etc/yum.repos.d/`目录下, 新建一个`repo_bak`目录, 用于保存系统中原来的`repo`文件。

[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mkdir repo_bak
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# mv *.repo repo_bak/

*  1.  在CentOS Linux release 7.3.1611服务器配置阿里的开源镜像

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/Centos-7.repo
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
    Centos-7.repo repo_bak

*  或者手动下载repo文件并上传到`/etc/yum.repos.d/`目录。手动下载链接地址:

[aliyun\_repo\_link\_address][aliyun_repo_link_address]

*  3.清除系统yum缓存并生成新的yum缓存

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls # 列出/etc/yum.repos.d/目录下的文件
    Centos-7.repo repo_bak
    
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all # 清除系统所有的yum缓存
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration
    Cleaning repos: base extras updates
    Cleaning up everything
    Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors
    
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum makecache # 生成yum缓存
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
    Repository base is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository updates is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository extras is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository centosplus is listed more than once in the configuration
    base                                                                                  | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    extras                                                                                | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
    updates                                                                               | 3.4 kB  00:00:00     
    (1/12): base/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                    | 6.7 MB  00:00:02     
    (2/12): base/7/x86_64/group_gz                                                        | 156 kB  00:00:02     
    (3/12): base/7/x86_64/other_db                                                        | 2.5 MB  00:00:01     
    (4/12): base/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                      | 5.7 MB  00:00:02     
    (5/12): extras/7/x86_64/prestodelta                                                   |  51 kB  00:00:01     
    (6/12): extras/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                  | 494 kB  00:00:02     
    (7/12): extras/7/x86_64/other_db                                                      |  86 kB  00:00:00     
    (8/12): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                    | 130 kB  00:00:01     
    (9/12): updates/7/x86_64/prestodelta                                                  | 406 kB  00:00:01     
    (10/12): updates/7/x86_64/filelists_db                                                | 2.1 MB  00:00:01     
    (11/12): updates/7/x86_64/other_db                                                    | 354 kB  00:00:00     
    (12/12): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                  | 3.6 MB  00:00:01     
    Determining fastest mirrors
    Metadata Cache Created

*  1.  安装epel源

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum list | grep epel-release
    epel-release.noarch                       7-12                       @epel   
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum install -y epel-release
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
    base                                                                                                                                                                  | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    epel/x86_64/metalink                                                                                                                                                  | 5.8 kB  00:00:00     
    epel                                                                                                                                                                  | 4.7 kB  00:00:00     
    extras                                                                                                                                                                | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
    ius                                                                                                                                                                   | 1.3 kB  00:00:00     
    nginx                                                                                                                                                                 | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
    pgdg-common                                                                                                                                                           | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
    pgdg10                                                                                                                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    pgdg11                                                                                                                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    pgdg12                                                                                                                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    pgdg95                                                                                                                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    pgdg96                                                                                                                                                                | 3.6 kB  00:00:00     
    updates                                                                                                                                                               | 2.9 kB  00:00:00     
    (1/12): epel/x86_64/updateinfo                                                                                                                                        | 1.0 MB  00:00:00     
    (2/12): epel/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                        | 6.9 MB  00:00:00     
    (3/12): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                    | 206 kB  00:00:00     
    (4/12): nginx/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                       |  55 kB  00:00:03     
    (5/12): ius/x86_64/primary                                                                                                                                            | 114 kB  00:00:04     
    (6/12): pgdg-common/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                               | 120 kB  00:00:05     
    (7/12): pgdg12/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                    | 114 kB  00:00:02     
    (8/12): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                   | 3.8 MB  00:00:00     
    (9/12): pgdg10/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                    | 232 kB  00:00:15     
    (10/12): pgdg96/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                   | 221 kB  00:00:10     
    (11/12): pgdg95/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                   | 212 kB  00:00:24     
    (12/12): pgdg11/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                                                                                                   | 240 kB  00:00:28     
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
     * epel: mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
     * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
     * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
    ius                                                                                                                                                                                  487/487
    Package epel-release-7-12.noarch already installed and latest version
    Nothing to do

*  我的服务器之前已经安装过了，所以执行安装没有内容了。安装之后目录下会出现:

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# ls
    Centos-7.repo repo_bak epel.repo

*  5.使用阿里开源镜像提供的epel源, 也可以使用阿里镜像源中的epel源

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-7.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo # 下载阿里开源镜像的epel源文件
    wget -O /etc/yum.repos.d/epel-7.repo http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo    # 下载阿里开源镜像的epel源文件
    --2020-08-18 08:45:27--  http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/epel-7.repo
    Resolving mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)... 163.181.33.223, 163.181.33.228, 163.181.33.225, ...
    Connecting to mirrors.aliyun.com (mirrors.aliyun.com)|163.181.33.223|:80... connected.
    HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
    Length: 664 [application/octet-stream]
    Saving to: ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/epel-7.repo’
    
    100%[===================================================================================================================================================>] 664         --.-K/s   in 0s      
    
    2020-08-18 08:45:29 (78.9 MB/s) - ‘/etc/yum.repos.d/epel-7.repo’ saved [664/664]

*  6.再次清除系统yum缓存，并重新生成新的yum缓存

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum clean all
    ...
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum makecache
    ...

*  7.查看系统可用的yum源和所有的yum源

[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum repolist enabled
    Loaded plugins: fastestmirror
    Repository epel is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository epel-debuginfo is listed more than once in the configuration
    Repository epel-source is listed more than once in the configuration
    Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
     * base: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
     * extras: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
     * updates: mirrors.huaweicloud.com
    repo id                                                                      repo name                                                                                                 status
    base/7/x86_64                                                                CentOS-7 - Base                                                                                           10,070
    epel/x86_64                                                                  Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64                                                            13,426
    extras/7/x86_64                                                              CentOS-7 - Extras                                                                                            413
    ius/x86_64                                                                   IUS for Enterprise Linux 7 - x86_64                                                                          487
    nginx/x86_64                                                                 nginx repo                                                                                                   192
    pgdg-common/7/x86_64                                                         PostgreSQL common RPMs for RHEL/CentOS 7 - x86_64                                                            311
    pgdg10/7/x86_64                                                              PostgreSQL 10 for RHEL/CentOS 7 - x86_64                                                                     676
    pgdg11/7/x86_64                                                              PostgreSQL 11 for RHEL/CentOS 7 - x86_64                                                                     694
    pgdg12/7/x86_64                                                              PostgreSQL 12 for RHEL/CentOS 7 - x86_64                                                                     285
    pgdg95/7/x86_64                                                              PostgreSQL 9.5 for RHEL/CentOS 7 - x86_64                                                                    611
    pgdg96/7/x86_64                                                              PostgreSQL 9.6 for RHEL/CentOS 7 - x86_64                                                                    649
    updates/7/x86_64                                                             CentOS-7 - Updates                                                                                         1,112
    repolist: 28,926
    [root@localhost yum.repos.d]#

*  再次安装的时候就解决了缓慢的问题了(国内)。也可以使用网易源(`wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo`)或者手动下载[网易开源镜像站][Link 1]。

--------------------

> Thinking in JackDan

[YUM]: /images/20221124/bc0e60f007a345058947b4cf6b007323.png
[aliyun_repo_link_address]: http://mirrors.aliyun.com/repo/
[Link 1]: http://mirrors.163.com/.help/centos.html