详解C++中string类

朴灿烈づ我的快乐病毒、 2022-11-16 15:18 477阅读 0赞

### 目录 ###

*  前言
 *  Member functions
 *   *  ▌01. Iterators
     *  ▌02. Capacity
     *  ▌03. Element access
     *  ▌04. Modifiers
     *   *  4.1 append & push\_back
         *  4.2 assign
         *  4.3 insert
         *  4.4 erase
         *  4.5 replace
         *  4.6 swap
     *  ▌05. String operations
     *   *  5.1 c\_str & data
         *  5.2 copy
         *  5.3 find & rfind
         *  5.4 find\_first\_of   find\_last\_of   find\_first\_not\_of   find\_last\_not\_of
         *  5.5 substr
         *  5.6 compare
 *  Member constants
 *   *  ▌01. npos
 *  Non-member function overloads
 *   *  ▌01. operator+
     *  ▌02. relational operators
     *  ▌03. swap
     *  ▌04. operator>>   operator<<
     *  ▌05. getline

# 前言 #

> string是C++标准库的一个重要的部分，主要用于字符串处理。这篇文章主要介绍了C++ string的用法和例子，需要的朋友可以参考下。

首先，做一个总结，string主要用于字符串处理，对于字符串操作，有以下几点需要解决：

1.  如何**创建**字符串对象，创建字符串的方法
2.  如何获取字符串的**长度**、判断一个字符串**是否为空**、**清空**字符串
3.  如何获取字符串内的**单个字符**
4.  如何在字符串后**添加**新的字符串或字符
5.  如何在字符串中间任何位置**插入**新的字符串或字符
6.  如何**删除**字符串中某一段字符串或字符
7.  如何用新的字符串或字符**替换**原字符串中某一段字符串或字符
8.  如何**交换**两个字符串的内容
9.  如何在原字符串中**查找**是否存在某字符串或某些字符
10. 如何获得字符串中的某个**子字符串或字符**
11. 如何**比较**两个字符串是否相同
12. 如何实现对多个字符串的**拼接**
13. 如何从用户**输入**处获得字符串，如何**输出**字符串
14. 如何将string类字符串转换为C语言中的字符串数组

**解决以上问题对应的函数：**

1.  **创建：** `=` `()` `assign`
2.  **长度 :** `length` `size`   **是否为空：** `empty`   **清空：** `clear`
3.  **获取单个字符：** `[]` `at`
4.  **添加：** `+=` `append`
5.  **插入：** `insert`
6.  **删除：** `erase`
7.  **替换：** `replace`
8.  **交换：** `swap`
9.  **查找：** `find` `rfind` `find_first_of` `find_last_of` `find_first_not_of` `find_last_not_of`
10. **子字符串或字符：** `substr`
11. **比较：** `relational operators` `compare`
12. **拼接：** `+`
13. **输入、输出：** `<<` `>>` `getline`
14. `c_str` `data`

--------------------

# Member functions #

**构造字符串对象:**

// string constructor
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string s0 ("Initial string");
    	string s1;
    	string s2 (s0);
    	string s3 (s0, 8, 3);
    	string s4 ("A character sequence");
    	string s5 ("Another character sequence", 12);
    	string s6a (10, 'x');
    	string s6b (10, 42);      // 42 is the ASCII code for '*'
    	string s7 (s0.begin(), s0.begin()+7);
    
    	cout << "s1: " << s1 << "\ns2: " << s2 << "\ns3: " << s3;
    	cout << "\ns4: " << s4 << "\ns5: " << s5 << "\ns6a: " << s6a;
     	cout << "\ns6b: " << s6b << "\ns7: " << s7 << '\n';
      	return 0;
    }

--------------------

## ▌01. Iterators ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Function</th> 
   <th>Explanation</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>begin</code></td> 
   <td>函数返回一个迭代器，指向字符串的第一个元素</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>end</code></td> 
   <td>函数返回一个迭代器，指向字符串的末尾(最后一个字符的下一个位置)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>rbegin</code></td> 
   <td>函数返回一个逆向迭代器，指向字符串的最后一个字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>rend</code></td> 
   <td>函数返回一个逆向迭代器，指向字符串的开头（第一个字符的前一个位置）</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main()
    { 
    	string str1 ("Test string");
    	string str2 ("now step live...");
    	string::iterator it;			//定义正向迭代器
    	string::reverse_iterator rit;	//定义逆向迭代器
    	
    	//用正向迭代器遍历容器
    	for(it=str1.begin(); it!=str1.end(); it++)	
    	{ 
    		cout << *it;		//*it 就是迭代器it指向的元素
    	}
    	cout << endl;
    	
    	//用逆向迭代器遍历容器
    	for(rit=str2.rbegin(); rit!=str2.rend(); rit++)	
    	{ 
    		cout << *rit;		//*rit 就是迭代器rit指向的元素
    	}
    	cout << endl;
    	return 0;
    }

输出结果：

Test string
    ...evil pets won

--------------------

## ▌02. Capacity ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Function</th> 
   <th>Explanation</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>size</code> or <code>length</code></td> 
   <td>返回源字符串的长度大小</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>max_size</code></td> 
   <td>返回string对象中可存放的最大字符串的长度</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>capacity</code></td> 
   <td>返回string分配的存储容量</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>resize</code></td> 
   <td>调整源字符串的长度</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>reserve</code></td> 
   <td>重新给源字符串分配存储容量</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>clear</code></td> 
   <td>删除字符串的内容，该字符串将变为空字符串（长度为0个字符）</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>empty</code></td> 
   <td>判断源字符串是否为空</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main()
    { 
    	string str1 ("Test string");
    	
    	//1. 返回源字符串的长度大小
    	cout << "size: " << str1.size() << "\n";
    	cout << "length: " << str1.length() << "\n";
    	
    	//2. 返回string对象中可存放的最大字符串的长度
    	cout << "max_size: " << str1.max_size() << "\n";
    	
    	//3. 返回string分配的存储容量
    	cout << "capacity: " << str1.capacity() << "\n\n";
    	
    	//4. 调整源字符串的长度
    	string str2 ("I like to code in C");
    	cout << str2 << "\n";
    	//4.1 void resize (size_t n, char c); 调整字符串长度为n，并用字符c填充不足的部分 。
    	unsigned sz = str2.size();
    	str2.resize (sz+2,'+');
    	cout << str2 << "\n";
    	//4.2 void resize (size_t n); 调整源字符串的长度为n。
    	str2.resize (14);
    	cout << str2 << "\n\n\n";
    	
    	//5. 重新给源字符串分配存储容量
    	// void reserve (size_t n = 0);
    	string str ("Test string");
    	
        cout<<"调用str.reserve(size_t n=0);之前："<<endl;
        cout<<"capacity: "<<str.capacity()<<endl;
        cout<<"max_size: "<<str.max_size()<<endl;
        cout<<"size: "<<str.size()<<endl;
        cout<<"length: "<<str.length()<<endl;
        cout<<endl;
    
        str.reserve(50);//string增加容量时，每次增加16的倍数，
        cout<<"str.reserve(50);之后：str.capacity()=16*4-1"<<endl;
        cout<<"capacity: "<<str.capacity()<<endl;//16*4-1
        cout<<"max_size: "<<str.max_size()<<endl;
        cout<<"size: "<<str.size()<<endl;
        cout<<"length: "<<str.length()<<endl;
        cout<<endl;
    
        str.reserve(100);//string增加容量时，每次增加16的倍数
        cout<<"str.reserve(100);之后：str.capacity()=16*7-1"<<endl;
        cout<<"capacity: "<<str.capacity()<<endl;
        cout<<"max_size: "<<str.max_size()<<endl;//16*7-1
        cout<<"size: "<<str.size()<<endl;
        cout<<"length: "<<str.length()<<endl;
        cout<<endl;
      
    	return 0;
    }

输出结果：

size: 11
    length: 11
    max_size: 1073741820
    capacity: 11
    
    I like to code in C
    I like to code in C++
    I like to code
    
    
    调用str.reserve(size_t n=0);之前：
    capacity: 11
    max_size: 1073741820
    size: 11
    length: 11
    
    str.reserve(50);之后：str.capacity()=16*4-1
    capacity: 50
    max_size: 1073741820
    size: 11
    length: 11
    
    str.reserve(100);之后：str.capacity()=16*7-1
    capacity: 100
    max_size: 1073741820
    size: 11
    length: 11

## ▌03. Element access ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Function</th> 
   <th>Explanation</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>operator[]</code></td> 
   <td>返回对字符串中位置pos处的字符的引用</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>at</code></td> 
   <td>返回对字符串中位置pos处的字符的引用</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main()
    { 
    	string str ("Test string");
      	for (int i=0; i<str.length(); i++)
      	{ 
    		cout << str[i];
      	}
      	
      	cout << endl;
      	
      	for (unsigned i=0; i<str.length(); ++i)
      	{ 
    		cout << str.at(i);
      	}
      	return 0;
    }

输出结果：

Test string
    Test string

--------------------

## ▌04. Modifiers ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Function</th> 
   <th>Explanation</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>operator+=</code></td> 
   <td>Append to string</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>append</code></td> 
   <td>Append to string</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>push_back</code></td> 
   <td>字符串之后插入一个字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>assign</code></td> 
   <td>可以理解为先将原字符串清空，然后赋予新的值作替换</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>insert</code></td> 
   <td>插入操作</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>erase</code></td> 
   <td>删除操作</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>replace</code></td> 
   <td>替换操作</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>swap</code></td> 
   <td>交换操作</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

### 4.1 append & push\_back ###

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str;
    	string str2="Writing ";
    	string str3="print 10 and then 5 more";
    	
    	// used in the same order as described above:
    	str.append(str2);                       // "Writing "
    	str.append(str3,6,3);                   // "10 "
    	str.append("dots are cool",5);          // "dots "
    	str.append("here: ");                   // "here: "
    	str.append(10u,'.');                    // ".........."
    	str.append(str3.begin()+8,str3.end());  // " and then 5 more"
    	str.append<int>(5,0x2E);                // "....."
    	str.push_back('E')						// 'E'
    	
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	return 0;
    }

Output:

Writing 10 dots here: .......... and then 5 more.....E

### 4.2 assign ###

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str;
    	string base="The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.";
    	
    	str.assign(base);
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	
    	str.assign(base,10,9);
    	cout << str << '\n';         // "brown fox"
    	
    	str.assign("pangrams are cool",7);
    	cout << str << '\n';         // "pangram"
    	
    	str.assign("c-string");
    	cout << str << '\n';         // "c-string"
    	
    	str.assign(10,'*');
    	cout << str << '\n';         // "**********"
    	
    	str.assign<int>(10,0x2D);
    	cout << str << '\n';         // "----------"
    	
    	str.assign(base.begin()+16,base.end()-12);
    	cout << str << '\n';         // "fox jumps over"
    	
    	return 0;
    }

Output:

The quick brown fox jumps over a lazy dog.
    brown fox
    pangram
    c-string
    **********
    ----------
    fox jumps over

### 4.3 insert ###

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str="to be question";
    	string str2="the ";
    	string str3="or not to be";
    	string::iterator it;
    	
    	str.insert(6,str2);                 // to be (the )question s.insert(pos,str) 在s的pos位置插入str
    	str.insert(6,str3,3,4);             // to be (not )the question s.insert(pos,str,a,n) 在s的pos位置插入str中插入位置a到后面的n个字符
    	str.insert(10,"that is cool",8);    // to be not (that is )the question s.insert(pos,cstr,n) 在pos位置插入cstr字符串从开始到后面的n个字符
    	str.insert(10,"to be ");            // to be not (to be )that is the question s.insert(pos,cstr) 在s的pos位置插入cstr
    	str.insert(15,1,':');               // to be not to be(:) that is the question s.insert(pos,n,ch) 在s.pos位置上面插入n个ch
    	it = str.insert(str.begin()+5,','); // to be(,) not to be: that is the question s.insert(s.it,ch) 在s的it指向位置前面插入一个字符ch，返回新插入的位置的迭代器
    	str.insert (str.end(),3,'.');       // to be, not to be: that is the question(...) s.insert(s.it,n,ch) 在s的it所指向位置的前面插入n个ch
    	str.insert (it+2,str3.begin(),str3.begin()+3); // (or ) s.insert(it,str.ita,str.itb) 在it所指向的位置的前面插入[ita,itb)的字符串
    
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	return 0;
    }

Output:

to be, or not to be: that is the question...

### 4.4 erase ###

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str ("This is an example sentence.");
    	cout << str << '\n';
                                             		// "This is an example sentence."
    	str.erase (10,8);                        	// ^^^^^^^^ 直接指定删除的字符串位置第十个后面的8个字符
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	                                         	// "This is an sentence."
    	str.erase (str.begin()+9);               	// ^ 删除迭代器指向的字符
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	                                         	// "This is a sentence."
    	str.erase (str.begin()+5, str.end()-9);  	// ^^^^^ 删除迭代器范围的字符
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	                                         	// "This sentence."
    	return 0;
    }

### 4.5 replace ###

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string base="this is a test string.";
    	string str2="n example";
    	string str3="sample phrase";
    	string str4="useful.";
    		
    	// Using positions: 0123456789*123456789*12345
    	string str=base;           		// "this is a test string."
    	str.replace(9,5,str2);          // "this is an example string." (1)
    	str.replace(19,6,str3,7,6);     // "this is an example phrase." (2)
    	str.replace(8,10,"just a");     // "this is just a phrase." (3)
    	str.replace(8,6,"a shorty",7);  // "this is a short phrase." (4)
    	str.replace(22,1,3,'!');        // "this is a short phrase!!!" (5)
    	
    	// Using iterators: 0123456789*123456789*
    	str.replace(str.begin(),str.end()-3,str3);                    // "sample phrase!!!" (1)
    	str.replace(str.begin(),str.begin()+6,"replace");             // "replace phrase!!!" (3)
    	str.replace(str.begin()+8,str.begin()+14,"is coolness",7);    // "replace is cool!!!" (4)
    	str.replace(str.begin()+12,str.end()-4,4,'o');                // "replace is cooool!!!" (5)
    	str.replace(str.begin()+11,str.end(),str4.begin(),str4.end());// "replace is useful." (6)
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	return 0;
    }

### 4.6 swap ###

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    main ()
    { 
    	string buyer ("money");
    	string seller ("goods");
    	
    	cout << "Before the swap, buyer has " << buyer;
    	cout << " and seller has " << seller << '\n';
    	
    	seller.swap (buyer);
    	
    	cout << " After the swap, buyer has " << buyer;
    	cout << " and seller has " << seller << '\n';
    	
    	return 0;
    }

Output:

Before the swap, buyer has money and seller has goods
     After the swap, buyer has goods and seller has money

--------------------

## ▌05. String operations ##

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Function</th> 
   <th>Explanation</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>get_allocator</code></td> 
   <td>返回本字符串的配置器</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>c_str</code> or <code>data</code></td> 
   <td>返回一个指向正规C字符串的指针常量, 内容与本string串相同</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>copy</code></td> 
   <td>将string对象的当前值的子字符串复制到s所指的数组中</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>find</code></td> 
   <td>查找字符串中的内容</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>rfind</code></td> 
   <td>查找字符串中最后出现的内容, 返回的位置仍然是从前往后数的</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>find_first_of</code></td> 
   <td>在字符串中搜索与参数中指定的任何字符匹配的第一个字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>find_last_of</code></td> 
   <td>从字符串末尾查找字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>find_first_not_of</code></td> 
   <td>查找字符串中缺少字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>find_last_not_of</code></td> 
   <td>从字符串末尾查找不匹配的字符</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>substr</code></td> 
   <td>生成子字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>compare</code></td> 
   <td>比较字符串</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

### 5.1 c\_str & data ###

> `const char* c_str() const;`  
> `const char* data() const;`

`c_str()`函数返回一个指向正规C字符串的指针常量, 内容与本string串相同。这是为了与c语言兼容，在c语言中没有string类型，故必须通过string类对象的成员函数`c_str()`把 string 对象转换成c中的字符串样式。  
**注意：** 一定要使用`strcpy()`函数 等来操作方法`c_str()`返回的指针  
**不要这样：**

char* c; 
    string s="1234"; 
    c = s.c_str();

**这样操作：**

char c[20]; 
    string s="1234"; 
    strcpy(c, s.c_str());

> **`c_str()` 和 `data()` 的区别:**  
>  1. 从C++标准上的解释来看，只有一点**区别**：  
>   `c_str()` 返回一个指向正规C字符串的指针常量，该指针保证指向一个 `size() + 1` 长度的空间，而且最后一个字符肯定是 `\0` ；  
>   而 `data()` 返回的指针则保证指向一个`size()`长度的空间，不保证有没有null-terminate，可能有，可能没有，看库的实现了。  
>  2. 有的STL的实现中，二者是完全一样的，如vs7.1，两个函数的源码中，`data()`函数内部调用的是`c_str()`。

### 5.2 copy ###

> `size_t copy (char* s, size_t len, size_t pos = 0) const;`

将string对象的当前值的子字符串复制到s所指的数组中。此子字符串包含从位置pos开始的len字符。函数**不会**在复制内容的末尾**附加空字符**。

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	char buffer[20];
    	string str ("Test string...");
    	size_t length = str.copy(buffer,6,5);
    	buffer[length]='\0';
    	cout << "buffer contains: " << buffer << '\n';
    	return 0;
    }

Output:

buffer contains: string

### 5.3 find & rfind ###

`find`函数主要是查找一个**字符串**是否在调用的字符串中出现过，**大小写敏感**。`rfind`函数就是找最后一个出现的匹配字符串，返回的位置仍然是从前往后数的。下面以`find`为例：

> `size_t find (const string& str, size_t pos = 0) const;`  
> `size_t find (const char* s, size_t pos = 0) const;`  
> `size_t find (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;`  
> `size_t find (char c, size_t pos = 0) const;`

> `size_t rfind (const string& str, size_t pos = npos) const;`  
> `size_t rfind (const char* s, size_t pos = npos) const;`  
> `size_t rfind (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;`  
> `size_t rfind (char c, size_t pos = npos) const;`

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main()
    { 
    	string str ("There are two needles in this haystack with needles.");
    	string str2 ("needle");
    
    	//1. 在str当中查找第一个出现的needle，找到则返回出现的位置，否则返回结尾 size_t find (const string& str, size_t pos = 0) const;
    	size_t found = str.find(str2);
    	if (found != string::npos)
    	cout << "first 'needle' found at: " << found << '\n';
    	
    	//2. 在str当中，从第found+1的位置开始查找参数字符串的前6个字符 size_t find (const char* s, size_t pos, size_t n) const;
    	found=str.find("needles are small",found+1,6);
    	if (found != string::npos)
    	cout << "second 'needle' found at: " << found << '\n';
    	
    	//3. 在str当中查找参数中的字符串 size_t find (const char* s, size_t pos = 0) const;
    	found=str.find("haystack");
    	if (found != string::npos)
    	cout << "'haystack' also found at: " << found << '\n';
    	
    	//4. 查找一个字符 size_t find (char c, size_t pos = 0) const;
    	found=str.find('.');
    	if (found != string::npos)
    	cout << "Period found at: " << found << '\n';
    	
    	//5. 组合使用，把str2用参数表中的字符串代替, let's replace the first needle:
    	str.replace(str.find(str2),str2.length(),"preposition");
    	cout << str << '\n';
    	
    	return 0;
    }

Output:

first 'needle' found at: 14
    second 'needle' found at: 44
    'haystack' also found at: 30
    Period found at: 51
    There are two prepositions in this haystack with needles.

### 5.4 find\_first\_of   find\_last\_of   find\_first\_not\_of   find\_last\_not\_of ###

在字符串中搜索与参数中指定的任何字符（不）匹配的第一个（或最后一个）**字符**。**调用格式**同`find` or `rfind`（四种调用格式）。

**1) find\_first\_of**

// string::find_first_of
    #include <iostream> // std::cout
    #include <string> // std::string
    #include <cstddef> // std::size_t
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str ("Please, replace the vowels in this sentence by asterisks.");
    	size_t found = str.find_first_of("aeiou");
    	while (found != string::npos)
    	{ 
    		str[found]='*';
    		found=str.find_first_of("aeiou",found+1);
    	}
    	
    	cout << str << '\n';
    
    	return 0;
    }
    //输出：Pl**s*, r*pl*c* th* v*w*ls *n th*s s*nt*nc* by *st*r*sks.

**2) find\_last\_of :** 分离文件路径与文件名称

// string::find_last_of
    #include <iostream> // std::cout
    #include <string> // std::string
    #include <cstddef> // std::size_t
    using namespace std;
    
    void SplitFilename (const string& str)
    { 
    	cout << "Splitting: " << str << '\n';
    	size_t found = str.find_last_of("/\\");
    	cout << " path: " << str.substr(0,found) << '\n';
    	cout << " file: " << str.substr(found+1) << '\n';
    }
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str1 ("/usr/bin/man");
    	string str2 ("c:\\windows\\winhelp.exe");
    	
    	SplitFilename (str1);
    	SplitFilename (str2);
    	
    	return 0;
    }
    
    /*output: Splitting: /usr/bin/man path: /usr/bin file: man Splitting: c:\windows\winhelp.exe path: c:\windows file: winhelp.exe */

**3) find\_first\_not\_of**

// string::find_first_not_of
    #include <iostream> // std::cout
    #include <string> // std::string
    #include <cstddef> // std::size_t
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str ("look for non-alphabetic characters...");
    	
    	size_t found = str.find_first_not_of("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ");
    	
    	if (found != string::npos)
    	{ 
    		cout << "The first non-alphabetic character is " << str[found];
    		cout << " at position " << found << '\n';
    	}
    	
    	return 0;
    }
    
    //The first non-alphabetic character is - at position 12

**4) find\_first\_not\_of:** 去除一段话末尾的回车、空格等字符。

// string::find_last_not_of
    #include <iostream> // std::cout
    #include <string> // std::string
    #include <cstddef> // std::size_t
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str ("Please, erase trailing white-spaces \n");
    	string whitespaces (" \t\f\v\n\r");
    
    	size_t found = str.find_last_not_of(whitespaces);
    	if (found != string::npos)
    		str.erase(found+1);
    	else
    		str.clear();            // str is all whitespace
    
    	cout << '[' << str << "]\n";
    
    	return 0;
    }
    
    // [Please, erase trailing white-spaces]

### 5.5 substr ###

> `string substr (size_t pos = 0, size_t len = npos) const;`

**注意：** `substr`没有迭代器作为参数的操作，如果输入的位置超过字符的长度，会抛出一个out\_of\_range的异常。

// string::substr
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str="We think in generalities, but we live in details.";
    	string str2 = str.substr (3,5);     // "think"
    	size_t pos = str.find("live");      // position of "live" in str
    	string str3 = str.substr (pos);     // get from "live" to the end
    	cout << str2 << ' ' << str3 << '\n';
    	
    	return 0;
    }
    // think live in details.

### 5.6 compare ###

和`strcmp`函数一样，如果两个字符串相等，那么返回`0`，调用对象大于参数返回`>0`，小于返回`<0`。在`compare`当中还支持**部分比较**，里面有6个参数可以设置，6个参数的配置见[cplusplus.com][]。

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>value</th> 
   <th>str1.compare(str2)</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>0</code></td> 
   <td>两个字符串相等</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>&lt;0</code></td> 
   <td>在比较字符串中，str1 &lt; str2 (第一个不匹配的字符的值较小，或者所有比较字符都匹配，但比较字符串较短)</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>&gt;0</code></td> 
   <td>在比较字符串中，str1 &gt; str2 (第一个不匹配字符的值较较大，或者所有比较字符都匹配，但比较字符串较长)</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

#include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string str1 ("green apple");
    	string str2 ("red apple");
    	
    	cout << str1.compare("green") << endl;				//6, >0
    	cout << str1.compare("green apple 0") << endl;		//-2, <0
    	cout << str1.compare("green apple") << endl;		//0, =0
    
    	if (str1.compare(str2) != 0)
    		cout << str1 << " is not " << str2 << '\n';
    	
    	if (str1.compare(6,5,"apple") == 0)
    		cout << "still, " << str1 << " is an apple\n";
    	
    	if (str2.compare(str2.size()-5,5,"apple") == 0)
    		cout << "and " << str2 << " is also an apple\n";
    	
    	if (str1.compare(6,5,str2,4,5) == 0)
    		cout << "therefore, both are apples\n";
    	
    	return 0;
    }

**output:**

6
    -2
    0
    green apple is not red apple
    still, green apple is an apple
    and red apple is also an apple
    therefore, both are apples

--------------------

# Member constants #

## ▌01. npos ##

> 表示size\_t的最大值（`Maximum value for size_t`）  
> `static const size_t npos = -1;`

1.  如果作为一个**返回值**（return value）表示**没有找到匹配项**
2.  但是string::npos作为string的成员函数的一个**长度参数**时，表示“**直到字符串结束**（until the end of the string）”。

**详见：**[string::npos的一些说明][string_npos]

--------------------

# Non-member function overloads #

<table> 
 <thead> 
  <tr> 
   <th>Function</th> 
   <th>Explanation</th> 
  </tr> 
 </thead> 
 <tbody> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>operator+</code></td> 
   <td>Concatenate strings (function )</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>relational operators</code></td> 
   <td>Relational operators for string (function )</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>swap</code></td> 
   <td>Exchanges the values of two strings (function )</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>operator&gt;&gt;</code></td> 
   <td>Extract string from stream (function )</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>operator&lt;&lt;</code></td> 
   <td>Insert string into stream (function )</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr> 
   <td><code>getline</code></td> 
   <td>Get line from stream into string (function )</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

## ▌01. operator+ ##

// concatenating strings
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string firstlevel ("com");
    	string secondlevel ("cplusplus");
    	string scheme ("http://");
    	string hostname;
    	string url;
    
    	hostname = "www." + secondlevel + '.' + firstlevel;
    	url = scheme + hostname;
    
    	cout << url << '\n';
    
    	return 0;
    }
    // http://www.cplusplus.com

## ▌02. relational operators ##

// string comparisons
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string foo = "alpha";
    	string bar = "beta";
    
    	if (foo==bar) std::cout << "foo and bar are equal\n";
    	if (foo!=bar) std::cout << "foo and bar are not equal\n";
    	if (foo< bar) std::cout << "foo is less than bar\n";
    	if (foo> bar) std::cout << "foo is greater than bar\n";
    	if (foo<=bar) std::cout << "foo is less than or equal to bar\n";
    	if (foo>=bar) std::cout << "foo is greater than or equal to bar\n";
    	
    	return 0;
    }
    
    /*output: foo and bar are not equal foo is less than bar foo is less than or equal to bar */

## ▌03. swap ##

// swap strings
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string buyer ("money");
    	string seller ("goods");
    	
    	cout << "Before the swap, buyer has " << buyer;
    	cout << " and seller has " << seller << '\n';
    	
    	swap (buyer,seller);
    	
    	cout << " After the swap, buyer has " << buyer;
    	cout << " and seller has " << seller << '\n';
    	
    	return 0;
    }

## ▌04. operator>>   operator<< ##

// extract to string
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string name;
    	
    	cout << "Please, enter your name: ";
    	cin  >> name;
    	cout << "Hello, " << name << "!\n";
    	
    	return 0;
    }

## ▌05. getline ##

// extract to string
    #include <iostream>
    #include <string>
    using namespace std;
    
    int main ()
    { 
    	string name;
    
    	cout << "Please, enter your full name: ";
    	getline (cin, name);
    	cout << "Hello, " << name << "!\n";
    
    	return 0;
    }

--------------------

**参考资料：**

*  [cplusplus.com][cplusplus.com 1]
 *  [详解C++中string的用法和例子][C_string]
 *  [C++ string类（C++字符串）完全攻略][C_ string_C]
 *  [C++自带string类的常用方法][C_string 1]
 *  [C++迭代器（STL迭代器）iterator详解][C_STL_iterator]
 *  [【C++】String类型的begin、end、rbegin、rend方法][C_String_begin_end_rbegin_rend]
 *  [C++基础—string类的capacity/max\_size/size/length/empty/reserve/resize][C_string_capacity_max_size_size_length_empty_reserve_resize]
 *  [C++ string类insert用法总结][C_ string_insert]
 *  [std::string 的方法c\_str() 和 data() 有什么区别][std_string _c_str_ _ data_]
 *  [标准C＋＋类string的Copy][C_string_Copy]
 *  [string::npos的一些说明][string_npos]

[cplusplus.com]: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/compare/
[string_npos]: https://blog.csdn.net/devil_pull/article/details/25478525
[cplusplus.com 1]: http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/string/string/
[C_string]: https://www.jb51.net/article/139943.htm
[C_ string_C]: http://c.biancheng.net/view/400.html
[C_string 1]: https://www.cnblogs.com/engraver-lxw/p/7581540.html
[C_STL_iterator]: http://c.biancheng.net/view/338.html
[C_String_begin_end_rbegin_rend]: https://blog.csdn.net/ysq96/article/details/80362670
[C_string_capacity_max_size_size_length_empty_reserve_resize]: https://blog.csdn.net/cainv89/article/details/47813701
[C_ string_insert]: https://www.cnblogs.com/meihao1203/p/9670680.html
[std_string _c_str_ _ data_]: https://www.cnblogs.com/pjl1119/p/8892399.html
[C_string_Copy]: http://www.360doc.com/content/12/1205/22/9200790_252363369.shtml