OpenGL with QtWidgets：材质、光照贴图

妖狐艹你老母 2022-09-12 04:44 138阅读 0赞

**（本文是LearnOpenGL的学习笔记， 教程中文翻译地址[https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/][https_learnopengl-cn.github.io]（备用地址[https://learnopengl-cn.readthedocs.io/zh/latest/][https_learnopengl-cn.readthedocs.io_zh_latest]），写于 2021-9-20）**

# **0.前言** #

上一节学习了基础光照（[https://mp.csdn.net/mp\_blog/creation/editor/106005766][https_mp.csdn.net_mp_blog_creation_editor_106005766]），教程接下来讲了材质和光照贴图。

# 1.知识点 #

如果我们想要在OpenGL中模拟多种类型的物体，我们必须为每个物体分别定义一个材质(Material)属性。可以用这三个分量来定义一个材质颜色(Material Color)：环境光照(Ambient Lighting)、漫反射光照(Diffuse Lighting)和镜面光照(Specular Lighting)。通过为每个分量指定一个颜色，我们就能够对物体的颜色输出有着精细的控制了。再添加反光度(Shininess)这个分量到上述的三个颜色中，这就有我们需要的所有材质属性了：

struct Material {
        vec3 ambient;
        vec3 diffuse;
        vec3 specular;
        float shininess;
    }; 
    uniform Material material;

ambient材质向量定义了在环境光照下这个物体反射得是什么颜色，通常这是和物体颜色相同的颜色。diffuse材质向量定义了在漫反射光照下物体的颜色。（和环境光照一样）漫反射颜色也要设置为我们需要的物体颜色。specular材质向量设置的是镜面光照对物体的颜色影响（或者甚至可能反射一个物体特定的镜面高光颜色）。最后，shininess影响镜面高光的散射/半径。

现实世界中的物体通常并不只包含有一种材质，而是由多种材质所组成。引入漫反射和镜面光贴图(Map)。这允许我们对物体的漫反射分量（以及间接地对环境光分量，它们几乎总是一样的）和镜面光分量有着更精确的控制。

struct Material {
        sampler2D diffuse; //环境光和漫反射取同一个纹理
        sampler2D specular;
        float shininess;
    };

# 2.实现代码 #

（项目git链接：[https://github.com/gongjianbo/OpenGLwithQtWidgets.git][https_github.com_gongjianbo_OpenGLwithQtWidgets.git]）

为了简化代码，我把 Camrea 观察矩阵给固定了不能旋转和移动

材质效果：

![watermark_type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA6b6a5bu65rOi_size_14_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

光照贴图效果：

![watermark_type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA6b6a5bu65rOi_size_15_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16][]

光照贴图部分的代码（GLLightingMap类）如下：

#pragma once
    #include <QOpenGLWidget>
    #include <QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core>
    #include <QOpenGLShaderProgram>
    #include <QOpenGLVertexArrayObject>
    #include <QOpenGLBuffer>
    #include <QOpenGLTexture>
    #include <QVector3D>
    #include <QMatrix4x4>
    #include <QQuaternion>
    #include <QTimer>
    
    //光照贴图
    //QOpenGLWidget窗口上下文
    //QOpenGLFunctions访问OpenGL接口，可以不继承作为成员变量使用
    class GLLightingMap
            : public QOpenGLWidget
            , protected QOpenGLFunctions_3_3_Core
    {
        Q_OBJECT
    public:
        explicit GLLightingMap(QWidget *parent = nullptr);
        ~GLLightingMap();
    
    protected:
        //【】继承QOpenGLWidget后重写这三个虚函数
        //设置OpenGL资源和状态。在第一次调用resizeGL或paintGL之前被调用一次
        void initializeGL() override;
        //渲染OpenGL场景，每当需要更新小部件时使用
        void paintGL() override;
        //设置OpenGL视口、投影等，每当尺寸大小改变时调用
        void resizeGL(int width, int height) override;
    
    private:
        void initShader();
        QOpenGLTexture *initTexture(const QString &imgpath);
    
    private:
        //着色器程序
        QOpenGLShaderProgram lightingShader,lampShader;
        //顶点数组对象
        QOpenGLVertexArrayObject lightingVao,lampVao;
        //顶点缓冲
        QOpenGLBuffer vbo;
        //纹理
        QOpenGLTexture *diffuseMap{ nullptr };
        QOpenGLTexture *specularMap{ nullptr };
        //
        QTimer timer;
        int rotate{ 0 };
    };

#include "GLLightingMap.h"
    #include <cmath>
    #include <QtMath>
    #include <QDebug>
    
    GLLightingMap::GLLightingMap(QWidget *parent)
        : QOpenGLWidget(parent)
    {
        connect(&timer,&QTimer::timeout,this,[this](){
            rotate+=1;
            if(isVisible()){
                update();
            }
        });
        timer.setInterval(50);
    }
    
    GLLightingMap::~GLLightingMap()
    {
        //initializeGL在显示时才调用，释放未初始化的会异常
        if(!isValid())
            return;
        //QOpenGLWidget
        //三个虚函数不需要makeCurrent，对应的操作已由框架完成
        //但是释放时需要设置当前上下文
        makeCurrent();
        vbo.destroy();
        lightingVao.destroy();
        lampVao.destroy();
        delete diffuseMap;
        delete specularMap;
        doneCurrent();
    }
    
    void GLLightingMap::initializeGL()
    {
        //为当前上下文初始化OpenGL函数解析
        initializeOpenGLFunctions();
        initShader();
    
        //方块的顶点、法向量、纹理坐标
        float vertices[] = {
            // positions          // normals           // texture coords
            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
    
            -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
    
            -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
            -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
    
            0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
    
            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
            -0.5f, -0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f, -1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
    
            -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,
            -0.5f,  0.5f,  0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,
            -0.5f,  0.5f, -0.5f,  0.0f,  1.0f,  0.0f,  0.0f,  1.0f
        };
    
        vbo=QOpenGLBuffer(QOpenGLBuffer::VertexBuffer);
        vbo.create();
    
        //light vao
        lightingVao.create();
        lightingVao.bind();
        vbo.bind();
        vbo.allocate(vertices,sizeof(vertices));
        //setAttributeBuffer(int location, GLenum type, int offset, int tupleSize, int stride = 0)
        lightingShader.setAttributeBuffer(0, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 0, 3, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8);
        lightingShader.enableAttributeArray(0);
        lightingShader.setAttributeBuffer(1, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 3, 3, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8);
        lightingShader.enableAttributeArray(1);
        lightingShader.setAttributeBuffer(2, GL_FLOAT, sizeof(GLfloat) * 6, 2, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8);
        lightingShader.enableAttributeArray(2);
        vbo.release();
        lightingVao.release();
    
        //lamp vao
        lampVao.create();
        lampVao.bind();
        vbo.bind();
        //setAttributeBuffer(int location, GLenum type, int offset, int tupleSize, int stride = 0)
        lampShader.setAttributeBuffer(0, GL_FLOAT, 0, 3, sizeof(GLfloat) * 8);
        lampShader.enableAttributeArray(0);
        vbo.release();
        lampVao.release();
    
        //纹理
        diffuseMap = initTexture(":/container2.png");
        specularMap = initTexture(":/container2_specular.png");
        //shader configuration
        lightingShader.bind();
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("material.diffuse", 0);
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("material.specular", 1);
        lightingShader.release();
    
        timer.start();
    }
    
    void GLLightingMap::paintGL()
    {
        glClearColor(0.2f, 0.3f, 0.3f, 1.0f);
        //清除深度缓冲
        glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
    
        //Z缓冲(Z-buffer),深度缓冲(Depth Buffer)。
        glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
    
        //draw lighting
        lightingShader.bind();
        QMatrix4x4 view; //观察矩阵
        view.translate(0.0f, 0.0f, -5.0f);
        view.rotate(45, QVector3D(1.0f, 0.8f, 0.0f));
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("view", view);
        QMatrix4x4 projection; //透视投影
        projection.perspective(45.0f, 1.0f * width() / height(), 0.1f, 100.0f);
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("projection", projection);
        QMatrix4x4 model;//模型矩阵
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("model", model);
        //因为要获取灯的位置，所以提前算灯的model矩阵
        model = QMatrix4x4();
        model.translate(QVector3D(1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f));
        model.scale(0.3f);
        QVector3D light_pos = model.map(QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
        QMatrix4x4 vv = view.inverted(); //逆矩阵求观察点位置
        QVector3D view_pos = vv.map(QVector3D(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f));
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("light.position", light_pos);
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("viewPos", view_pos);
        //光照-light properties
        QVector3D light_color = QVector3D(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);
        QVector3D diffuse_color = light_color * 0.5f; // decrease the influence
        QVector3D ambient_color = diffuse_color * 0.2f; // low influence
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("light.ambient", ambient_color);
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("light.diffuse", diffuse_color);
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("light.specular", QVector3D(1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f));
    
        //材质-material properties
        //shininess影响镜面高光的散射/半径
        lightingShader.setUniformValue("material.shininess", 64.0f);
        lightingVao.bind();
        //绑定2d纹理
        //bind diffuse map
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0);
        diffuseMap->bind();
        //bind specular map
        glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE1);
        specularMap->bind();
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        lightingVao.release();
        lightingShader.release();
    
        //draw lamp
        lampShader.bind();
        lampShader.setUniformValue("view", view);
        lampShader.setUniformValue("projection", projection);
        lampShader.setUniformValue("model", model);
        lampVao.bind();
        glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 36);
        lampVao.release();
        lampShader.release();
    }
    
    void GLLightingMap::resizeGL(int width, int height)
    {
        glViewport(0, 0, width, height);
    }
    
    void GLLightingMap::initShader()
    {
        //lingting shader
        //in输入，out输出,uniform从cpu向gpu发送
        const char *lighting_vertex=R"(#version 330 core
    layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
    layout (location = 1) in vec3 aNormal;
    layout (location = 2) in vec2 aTexCoords;
    
    out vec3 FragPos;
    out vec3 Normal;
    out vec2 TexCoords;
    
    uniform mat4 model;
    uniform mat4 view;
    uniform mat4 projection;
    
    void main()
    {
        FragPos = vec3(model * vec4(aPos, 1.0));
        Normal = mat3(transpose(inverse(model))) * aNormal;
        TexCoords = aTexCoords;
    
        gl_Position = projection * view * vec4(FragPos, 1.0);
    })";
        const char *lighting_fragment=R"(#version 330 core
    out vec4 FragColor;
    
    struct Material {
        sampler2D diffuse;
        sampler2D specular;
        float shininess;
    };
    
    struct Light {
        vec3 position;
    
        vec3 ambient;
        vec3 diffuse;
        vec3 specular;
    };
    
    in vec3 FragPos;
    in vec3 Normal;
    in vec2 TexCoords;
    
    uniform vec3 viewPos;
    uniform Material material;
    uniform Light light;
    
    void main()
    {
        // ambient
        vec3 ambient = light.ambient * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
    
        // diffuse
        vec3 norm = normalize(Normal);
        vec3 lightDir = normalize(light.position - FragPos);
        float diff = max(dot(norm, lightDir), 0.0);
        vec3 diffuse = light.diffuse * diff * texture(material.diffuse, TexCoords).rgb;
    
        // specular
        vec3 viewDir = normalize(viewPos - FragPos);
        vec3 reflectDir = reflect(-lightDir, norm);
        float spec = pow(max(dot(viewDir, reflectDir), 0.0), material.shininess);
        vec3 specular = light.specular * spec * texture(material.specular, TexCoords).rgb;
    
        vec3 result = ambient + diffuse + specular;
        FragColor = vec4(result, 1.0);
    })";
    
        //将source编译为指定类型的着色器，并添加到此着色器程序
        if(!lightingShader.addCacheableShaderFromSourceCode(
                    QOpenGLShader::Vertex,lighting_vertex)){
            qDebug()<<"compiler vertex error"<<lightingShader.log();
        }
        if(!lightingShader.addCacheableShaderFromSourceCode(
                    QOpenGLShader::Fragment,lighting_fragment)){
            qDebug()<<"compiler fragment error"<<lightingShader.log();
        }
        //使用addShader()将添加到该程序的着色器链接在一起。
        if(!lightingShader.link()){
            qDebug()<<"link shaderprogram error"<<lightingShader.log();
        }
    
        //lamp shader
        const char *lamp_vertex=R"(#version 330 core
    layout (location = 0) in vec3 aPos;
    uniform mat4 model;
    uniform mat4 view;
    uniform mat4 projection;
    
    void main()
    {
    gl_Position = projection * view * model * vec4(aPos, 1.0f);
    })";
        const char *lamp_fragment=R"(#version 330 core
    out vec4 FragColor;
    void main()
    {
    FragColor = vec4(1.0);
    })"; // set alle 4 vector values to 1.0
    
        if(!lampShader.addCacheableShaderFromSourceCode(
                    QOpenGLShader::Vertex,lamp_vertex)){
            qDebug()<<"compiler vertex error"<<lampShader.log();
        }
        if(!lampShader.addCacheableShaderFromSourceCode(
                    QOpenGLShader::Fragment,lamp_fragment)){
            qDebug()<<"compiler fragment error"<<lampShader.log();
        }
        if(!lampShader.link()){
            qDebug()<<"link shaderprogram error"<<lampShader.log();
        }
    }
    
    QOpenGLTexture *GLLightingMap::initTexture(const QString &imgpath)
    {
        QOpenGLTexture *texture = new QOpenGLTexture(QImage(imgpath), QOpenGLTexture::GenerateMipMaps);
        if(!texture->isCreated()){
            qDebug() << "Failed to create texture";
        }
        //set the texture wrapping parameters
        //等于glTexParameteri(GLtexture_2D, GLtexture_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
        texture->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionS, QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);
        texture->setWrapMode(QOpenGLTexture::DirectionT, QOpenGLTexture::Repeat);//
        //set texture filtering parameters
        //等价于glTexParameteri(GLtexture_2D, GLtexture_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
        texture->setMinificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);
        texture->setMagnificationFilter(QOpenGLTexture::Linear);
        return texture;
    }

# 3.参考 #

LearnOpenGL：[https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/02%20Lighting/04%20Lighting%20maps/][https_learnopengl-cn.github.io_02_20Lighting_04_20Lighting_20maps]

博客（Qt+OpenGL）：[https://www.jianshu.com/p/855ce8d81849][https_www.jianshu.com_p_855ce8d81849]

博客（Qt+OpenGL）：[https://blog.csdn.net/z136411501/article/details/80149125][https_blog.csdn.net_z136411501_article_details_80149125]

博客（Qt+OpenGL）：[https://blog.csdn.net/qq\_40946921/article/details/106200378][https_blog.csdn.net_qq_40946921_article_details_106200378]

[https_learnopengl-cn.github.io]: https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/
[https_learnopengl-cn.readthedocs.io_zh_latest]: https://learnopengl-cn.readthedocs.io/zh/latest/
[https_mp.csdn.net_mp_blog_creation_editor_106005766]: https://mp.csdn.net/mp_blog/creation/editor/106005766
[https_github.com_gongjianbo_OpenGLwithQtWidgets.git]: https://github.com/gongjianbo/OpenGLwithQtWidgets.git
[watermark_type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA6b6a5bu65rOi_size_14_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]: /images/20220828/da75259a797f4a5b8fa54cb8db385e93.png
[watermark_type_ZHJvaWRzYW5zZmFsbGJhY2s_shadow_50_text_Q1NETiBA6b6a5bu65rOi_size_15_color_FFFFFF_t_70_g_se_x_16]: /images/20220828/cfc64b3d35144e3e83e844fc506e79be.png
[https_learnopengl-cn.github.io_02_20Lighting_04_20Lighting_20maps]: https://learnopengl-cn.github.io/02%20Lighting/04%20Lighting%20maps/
[https_www.jianshu.com_p_855ce8d81849]: https://www.jianshu.com/p/855ce8d81849
[https_blog.csdn.net_z136411501_article_details_80149125]: https://blog.csdn.net/z136411501/article/details/80112880
[https_blog.csdn.net_qq_40946921_article_details_106200378]: https://blog.csdn.net/qq_40946921/article/details/106200378