HTTP请求的使用以及POST与GET的区别

た入场券 2022-08-04 11:56 159阅读 0赞

![20150825225932383][]

在软件开发中我们经常使用C/S设计模式，而在C/S模式下客户端与服务器之间的通信至关重要。

> 在这里我用URL类来实现通信，具体实现如下。

Java实现方法

import java.io.BufferedReader;
    import java.io.IOException;
    import java.io.InputStreamReader;
    import java.io.PrintWriter;
    import java.net.URL;
    import java.net.URLConnection;
    class Http_Request {
        /**
         * 向指定URL发送GET方法的请求
         * 
         * @param url
         *            发送请求的URL
         * @param param
         *            请求参数，请求参数应该是 name1=value1&name2=value2 的形式。
         * @return URL 所代表远程资源的响应结果
         */
        public String sendGet(String url, String param) {
            String result = "";
            BufferedReader in = null;
            try {
                String urlNameString = url + "?" + param;
                URL realUrl = new URL(urlNameString);
                // 打开和URL之间的连接
                URLConnection connection = realUrl.openConnection();
                connection.connect();
                // 定义 BufferedReader输入流来读取URL的响应
                in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
                        connection.getInputStream()));
                String line="";
                while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
                    result += line;
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println("发送GET请求出现异常！" + e);
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            // 使用finally块来关闭输入流
            finally {
                try {
                    if (in != null) {
                        in.close();
                    }
                } catch (Exception ee) {
                    ee.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return result;
        }
        /**
         * 向指定 URL 发送POST方法的请求
         * 
         * @param url
         *            发送请求的 URL
         * @param param
         *            请求参数，请求参数应该是 name1=value1&name2=value2 的形式。
         * @return 所代表远程资源的响应结果
         */
        public String sendPost(String url, String param) {
            PrintWriter out = null;
            BufferedReader in = null;
            String result = "";
            try {
                URL realUrl = new URL(url);
                // 打开和URL之间的连接
                URLConnection conn = realUrl.openConnection();
                conn.setDoOutput(true);
                conn.setDoInput(true);
                // 获取URLConnection对象对应的输出流
                out = new PrintWriter(conn.getOutputStream());
                // 发送请求参数
                out.print(param);
                // flush输出流的缓冲
                out.flush();
                // 定义BufferedReader输入流来读取URL的响应
                in = new BufferedReader(
                        new InputStreamReader(conn.getInputStream()));
                String line;
                while ((line = in.readLine()) != null) {
                    result += line;
                }
            } catch (Exception e) {
                System.out.println("发送 POST 请求出现异常！"+e);
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            //使用finally块来关闭输出流、输入流
            finally{
                try{
                    if(out!=null){
                        out.close();
                    }
                    if(in!=null){
                        in.close();
                    }
                }catch(IOException ee){
                    ee.printStackTrace();
                }
            }
            return result;
        }    
    }
    public class HttpRequest {
    	public static void main(String[] args) {
    		Http_Request hr=new Http_Request();
    		String str=hr.sendGet("http://localhost/test/test.php","name=holif");
    		System.out.println(str);
    	}
    }

Python实现方法

import urllib2
    
    req=urllib2.Request("http://localhost/test/test.php","name=holif")
    response=urllib2.urlopen(req)
    res=response.read()
    print res

作为例示，服务端的脚本返回的仅仅是一个字符串，在实际开发中通常以json或xml格式返回请求结果。

**附：POST与GET的区别：**

> GET - 从指定的资源请求数据。
> 
> POST - 向指定的资源提交要被处理的数据。

<table style="text-align:center; margin:10px 0px 0px; padding:0px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); border-collapse:collapse; width:709px; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Verdana,Arial,宋体; font-size:12px; background-color:rgb(249,249,249)"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:5px 15px 5px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:baseline; background-color:rgb(213,213,213); text-align:left; width:119px"> &nbsp;</th> 
   <th style="text-align:center; margin:0px; padding:5px 15px 5px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:baseline; background-color:rgb(213,213,213)"> GET</th> 
   <th style="text-align:center; margin:0px; padding:5px 15px 5px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:baseline; background-color:rgb(213,213,213)"> POST</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 后退按钮/刷新</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 无害</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 数据会被重新提交（浏览器应该告知用户数据会被重新提交）。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 书签</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 可收藏为书签</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 不可收藏为书签</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 缓存</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 能被缓存</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 不能缓存</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <br> 编码类型</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <br> application/x-www-form-urlencoded</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> application/x-www-form-urlencoded 或 multipart/form-data。为二进制数据使用多重编码。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 历史</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 参数保留在浏览器历史中。</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 参数不会保存在浏览器历史中。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <br> 对数据长度的限制</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 限制。当发送数据时，GET 方法向 URL 添加数据；URL 的长度是受限制的（URL 的最大长度是 2048 个字符）。</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <br> 无限制。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 对数据类型的限制</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 只允许 ASCII 字符。</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 没有限制。也允许二进制数据。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <br> <br> 安全性</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <p style="margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; padding-top:0px; padding-bottom:0px; border:0px; line-height:18px"> 与 POST 相比，GET 的安全性较差，因为所发送的数据是 URL 的一部分。在发送密码或其他敏感信息时绝不要使用 GET ！</p> </td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> <br> POST 比 GET 更安全，因为参数不会被保存在浏览器历史或 web 服务器日志中。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 可见性</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 数据在 URL 中对所有人都是可见的。</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 数据不会显示在 URL 中。</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

**其他HTTP请求方法：**

<table style="margin:10px 0px 0px; padding:0px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); border-collapse:collapse; width:709px; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:Verdana,Arial,宋体; font-size:12px; background-color:rgb(249,249,249)"> 
 <tbody style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:5px 15px 5px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:baseline; background-color:rgb(213,213,213); text-align:left; width:119px"> 方法</th> 
   <th style="margin:0px; padding:5px 15px 5px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:baseline; background-color:rgb(213,213,213); text-align:left"> 描述</th> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> HEAD</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 与 GET 相同，但只返回 HTTP 报头，不返回文档主体。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> PUT</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 上传指定的 URI 表示。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> DELETE</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 删除指定资源。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> OPTIONS</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 返回服务器支持的 HTTP 方法。</td> 
  </tr> 
  <tr style="margin:0px; padding:0px; border:0px"> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> CONNECT</td> 
   <td style="margin:0px; padding:6px 15px 6px 6px; border:1px solid rgb(170,170,170); vertical-align:text-top; background-color:rgb(239,239,239)"> 把请求连接转换到透明的 TCP/IP 通道。</td> 
  </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

POST与GET的对比参考：[W3SCHOOL ][W3SCHOOL]

[20150825225932383]: /images/20220731/3252f9a632284e1c9ff699bbd73ebc18.png
[W3SCHOOL]: http://www.w3school.com.cn/tags/html_ref_httpmethods.asp