levelDB, TokuDB, BDB等kv存储引擎性能对比——wiredtree, wiredLSM，LMDB读写很强啊

灰太狼 2022-06-06 06:18 157阅读 0赞

在：http://www.lmdb.tech/bench/inmem/

## 2. Small Data Set ##

Using the laptop we generate a database with 20 million records. The records have 16 byte keys and 100 byte values so the resulting database should be about 2.2GB in size. After the data is loaded a "readwhilewriting" test is run using 4 reader threads and one writer. All of the threads operate on randomly selected records in the database. The writer performs updates to existing records; no records are added or deleted so the DB size should not change much during the test.

The tests in this section and in [Section 3][] are all run on a tmpfs, just like the RocksDB report. I.e., all of the data is stored only in RAM. Additional tests using an SSD follow in [Section 4][].

The pertinent results are tabulated here and expanded on in the following sections.

<table style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:&quot;black Verdana&quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:14px; width:924px"> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Engine</th> 
 <th colspan="3" style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> Load Time</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Overhead</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Load Size</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Writes/Sec</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Reads/Sec</th> 
 <th colspan="3" style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> Run Time</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Final Size</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">CPU%</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Process Size</th> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</td> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Wall</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">User</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Sys</th> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</td> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">KB</th> 
 <td colspan="2" style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> &nbsp;</td> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Wall</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">User</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Sys</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">KB</th> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</td> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">KB</th> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">LevelDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:34.70</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:44.72</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:06.70</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.4818443804</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2246004</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10232</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">26678</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:49:58.73</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:31:48.62</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:52:50.95</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3452388</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">289%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2138508</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Basho</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:40.41</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:24.39</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:17.82</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2.5293244246</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2368768</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10232</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">68418</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:19:32.94</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:14:10.04</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:01:19.19</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2612436</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">386%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">6775376</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">BerkeleyDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:12.61</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:58.92</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:13.57</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">0.9990950909</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">5844376</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">9565</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">86202</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:15:28.44</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:42:07.97</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:17:27.49</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">5839912</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">385%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3040716</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Hyper</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:38.78</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:49.88</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:06.43</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.4520371325</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2246448</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10208</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">138393</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:09:38.39</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:35:06.12</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:02:06.18</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2292632</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">385%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2700088</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">LMDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:10.55</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:08.15</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:02.37</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">0.9971563981</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2516192</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10224</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1449709</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:00:55.46</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:03:37.63</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:00:01.67</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2547968</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">395%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2550408</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">RocksDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:21.54</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:34.70</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:05.99</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.8890436397</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2256032</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10233</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">91544</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:14:37.74</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:54:06.84</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:02:38.04</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3181764</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">387%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">6713852</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">TokuDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:45.12</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:41.58</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:47.37</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.4169520548</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2726168</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">9881</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">109682</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:12:12.91</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:37:41.45</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:07:10.03</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3920784</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">367%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">5429056</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">WiredLSM</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:10.93</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:35.55</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:18.62</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2.4555195263</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2492440</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10230</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">179617</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:07:26.24</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:28:55.85</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:00:07.76</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2948988</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">390%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3205396</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">WiredBtree</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:17.79</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:15.68</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:02.09</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">0.9988757729</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2381876</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10021</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">752078</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:01:53.46</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:06:36.98</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:00:14.78</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">4752568</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">362%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3415468</td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

## 3. Larger Data Set ##

These tests use 100 million records and are run on the 16 core server. Aside from the data set size things are much the same. Here are the tabular results:

<table style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; word-break:break-word; color:rgb(0,0,0); font-family:&quot;black Verdana&quot;,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size:14px; width:924px"> 
 <tbody> 
 <tr> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Engine</th> 
 <th colspan="3" style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> Load Time</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Overhead</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Load Size</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Writes/Sec</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Reads/Sec</th> 
 <th colspan="3" style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px"> Run Time</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Final Size</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">CPU%</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Process Size</th> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Wall</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">User</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Sys</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">KB</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Wall</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">User</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Sys</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">KB</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">&nbsp;</th> 
 <th style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">KB</th> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">LevelDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">03:06.75</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">04:41.26</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:42.87</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.7356358768</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11273396</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">9184</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">7594</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:02.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:22:11.46</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:52:10.46</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">13734168</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">323%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3284192</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Basho</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">04:22.96</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11:09.24</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:18.93</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3.0733571646</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11449492</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10211</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">80135</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:23.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">14:32:23.67</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:11:49.40</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">13841220</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1464%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">19257796</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">BerkeleyDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">14:59.45</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">13:34.30</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:25.15</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">28381956</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3378</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">55066</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:02.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">03:02:00.69</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12:42:39.63</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">28387880</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1573%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">14756768</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">Hyper</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">03:43.61</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">05:41.14</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:39.02</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.7001028577</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11280092</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10231</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11673</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:04.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:59:42.09</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:53:24.27</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">15149416</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">387%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">6332460</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">LMDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:04.15</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:52.31</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:11.82</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">0.9996882307</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12605332</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10230</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">2486800</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:11:14.14</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:47:58.57</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:00:10.06</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12627692</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1598%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12605788</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">RocksDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:28.66</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">03:59.92</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:30.97</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.8222117584</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11289688</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10232</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">129397</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:22.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12:08:05.94</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:51:58.54</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12777708</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1490%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">18599544</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">TokuDB</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">07:44.10</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">09:17.31</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:54.82</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1.5775263952</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12665136</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">4601</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">70208</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:15.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">03:02:37.44</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11:21:45.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">15328956</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1434%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">23315964</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">WiredLSM</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">07:10.50</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">19:25.80</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:31.10</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">3.0590011614</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">12254620</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10194</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">278415</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:00:05.00</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">15:51:04.17</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:02:09.76</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">16016296</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1586%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">17723992</td> 
 </tr> 
 <tr> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">WiredBtree</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">02:07.49</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">01:49.52</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:17.97</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">11932620</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">10145</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1320939</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:20:58.10</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">05:06:13.60</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">00:05:14.87</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">23865368</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">1560%</td> 
 <td style="border:1px solid silver; border-collapse:collapse; padding:3px">20743232</td> 
 </tr> 
 </tbody> 
</table>

看这个pdf里有对kv存储的架构和底层原理的详细介绍：

https://daim.idi.ntnu.no/masteroppgaver/008/8885/masteroppgave.pdf

[Section 3]: http://www.lmdb.tech/bench/inmem/#sec3
[Section 4]: http://www.lmdb.tech/bench/inmem/#sec4