基于CentOS 7配置Nginx反向代理

ゝ一纸荒年。 2022-06-06 05:12 213阅读 0赞

Nginx作为反向代理服务器被广泛使用在各大互联网企业。它简单易用，可以根据业务的需求将其不同的业务类型代理至不同的服务器，将整个站点请求压力按类型分摊到不同的服务器。该方式使的整个站点请求性能得以极大的提升。本文简要描述了Nginx几种不同情形的代理演示，供大家参考。

## 一、反向代理及演示环境描述 ##

### 1、反向代理 ###

在计算机网络中，反向代理是一种代理服务器，代表客户端从一个或多个服务器检索资源。然后将这些资源返回给客户机，就像它们源自Web服务器本身一样。与正向代理相反，正向代理是与其关联的客户端联系任何服务器的中介，反向代理是任何客户端与其关联的服务器进行联系的中介。

有关正向代理可参考：[基于CentOS 7配置Nginx正向代理][CentOS 7_Nginx]

## 2、本演示中的几个服务器 ##

![这里写图片描述][SouthEast]

## 二、常规反向代理配置 ##

### 1、后端服务器配置(Apache) ###

后端Apache服务器主机名及IP
      # hostname
      centos7-web.example.com
      # more /etc/redhat-release
      CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
      # ip addr|grep inet|grep global
      inet 172.24.8.128/24 brd 172.24.8.255 scope global eno16777728
    
      # systemctl start httpd.service
      # echo "This is a httpd test page.">/var/www/html/index.html
      # curl http://localhost
      This is a httpd test page.

### 2、前端Nginx反向代理服务器配置 ###

前端Nginx服务器主机名及IP
      # hostname
      centos7-router
    
      # more /etc/redhat-release
      CentOS Linux release 7.2.1511 (Core)
      # ip addr |grep inet|grep global
      inet 172.24.8.254/24 brd 172.24.8.255 scope global eno16777728
      inet 192.168.1.175/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global dynamic eno33554960
    
    Nginx版本
      # nginx -V
      nginx version: nginx/1.10.2
    
    添加一个新的配置文件用作反向代理
      # vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
      server {
        listen 8090;
        server_name localhost;
    
      location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128; ###反向代理核心指令
    
        proxy_buffers 256 4k;
        proxy_max_temp_file_size 0;
        proxy_connect_timeout 30;
    
        proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
        proxy_cache_valid 301 1h;
        proxy_cache_valid any 1m;
        }
      }
    
    # systemctl reload nginx
    # ss -nltp|grep nginx|grep 8090
    LISTEN 0 128 *:8090 *:* users:(("nginx",pid=78023,fd=8),("nginx",pid=78021,fd=8))
    
    # curl http://localhost:8090 ##基于本地测试
    This is a httpd test page.
    
    查看Apache服务器日志
    # more /var/log/httpd/access_log ##请求IP地址为172.24.8.254，当从其他机器请求时也是172.24.8.254这个IP
    172.24.8.254 - - [30/Oct/2017:14:02:38 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 27 "-" "curl/7.29.0"

### 3、反向代理服务器及后端服务器日志格式设置 ###

为Nginx服务器添加proxy_set_header指令，修改后如下
      # grep proxy_set_header -B2 /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
      location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        }
      # systemctl reload nginx.service
    
    后端服务器Apache日志格式设置
    
      # vim /etc/http/conf/httpd.conf
    
        # LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined #注释此行，添加下一行
        LogFormat "%{X-Real-IP}i %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined #关键描述 {X-Real-IP}i
    
      # ip addr|grep inet|grep global #从1.132主机访问
      inet 192.168.1.244/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
    
      # curl http://192.168.1.175:8090 #从1.244主机访问
      This is a httpd test page
    
    #再次查看apache访问日志，如下，不再是代理服务器IP地址，此时显示为1.244
      192.168.1.244 - - [30/Oct/2017:15:49:07 +0800] "GET / HTTP/1.0" 200 27 "-" "curl/7.19.7 (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) libcurl/7.19.7 NSS/3.14.0.0 zlib/1.2.3 libidn/1.18 libssh2/1.4.2"

## 二、基于目录匹配反向代理 ##

后端服务器采用Nginx的配置
    
      # more /etc/redhat-release ##os平台及ip地址
      CentOS release 6.7 (Final)
      # ip addr|grep eth0|grep global
      inet 192.168.1.132/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
      # nginx -v ##nginx版本
      nginx version: nginx/1.10.2
    
      # mkdir -pv /usr/share/nginx/html/images ##创建图片目录
      mkdir: created directory `/usr/share/nginx/html/images'
    
      # cp /usr/share/backgrounds/nature/*.jpg /usr/share/nginx/html/images/. ##复制图片文件
    
      # cp /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf.bk
      # vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf ##此处直接修改缺省配置文件
    
      server {
      listen 80 default_server;
      listen [::]:80 default_server;
      server_name _;
      root /usr/share/nginx/html;
    
      # Load configuration files for the default server block.
      include /etc/nginx/default.d/*.conf;
    
      location / {
        }
    
      location /images {
        alias /usr/share/nginx/html/images; ##此处配置了别名
        }
    
      error_page 404 /404.html;
      location = /40x.html {
        }
    
      error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;
      location = /50x.html {
        }
      }
    
    # /etc/init.d/nginx reload
    Reloading nginx: [ OK ]
    
    前端Nginx配置
      # vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
      server {
      listen 8090;
      server_name localhost;
    
      location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        }
    
      location /images { ##将images目录下的文件代理至192.168.1.132
        proxy_pass http://192.168.1.132;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        }
      }
    
    # systemctl reload nginx
    
    验证代理情况
    在ip为192.168.1.244测试对images目录下的jpg文件请求(基于浏览器查看jpg成功，此处省略贴图)
      # ip addr|grep inet|grep global
      inet 192.168.1.244/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
      # curl -I http://192.168.1.175:8090/images/Garden.jpg
      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Server: nginx/1.12.2
      Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2017 01:48:18 GMT
      Content-Type: image/jpeg
      Content-Length: 264831
      Connection: keep-alive
      Last-Modified: Mon, 30 Oct 2017 08:21:28 GMT
      ETag: "59f6e108-40a7f"
      Accept-Ranges: bytes

## 三、基于特定文件类型的反向代理配置 ##

php服务器端配置(ip 192.168.1.132)
    
      # ss -nltp|grep php
      LISTEN 0 128 192.168.1.132:9000 *:* users:(("php-fpm",7147,8),("php-fpm",7148,0),("php-fpm",7149,0))
    
      # mkdir -pv /data ###存放php代码
      # echo "/data 192.168.1.0/24(rw)" >/etc/exports
      # /etc/init.d/rpcbind start
      # /etc/init.d/nfslock start
      # /etc/init.d/nfs start
    
      # echo "<?php phpinfo();?>" > /data/index.php
    
    Nginx代理端配置(ip 192.168.1.175)
      # mkdir /data
      # mount -t nfs 192.168.1.132:/data /data
      # ls /data
      index.php
    
      # vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/reverse_proxy.conf
      server {
      listen 8090;
      server_name localhost;
    
      location / {
        proxy_pass http://172.24.8.128;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        }
    
      location /images {
        proxy_pass http://192.168.1.132;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        }
    
      location ~ \.php$ {
        root /data;
        fastcgi_pass 192.168.1.132:9000;
        fastcgi_index index.php;
        fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        include fastcgi_params;
        }
      }
    
    # systemctl restart nginx
    
    测试反向代理至php
      [root@ydq05 ~]# ip addr|grep inet|grep global
      inet 192.168.1.244/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
      [root@ydq05 ~]# curl -I http://192.168.1.175:8090/index.php
      HTTP/1.1 200 OK
      Server: nginx/1.12.2
      Date: Tue, 31 Oct 2017 03:22:59 GMT
      Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
      Connection: keep-alive
      X-Powered-By: PHP/5.6.0

## 四、基于upstream 配置反向代理至tomcat ##

Nginx upstream指令也可以将请求代理到后端服务器  
如下示例，结合upstream指令演示将其代理到tomcat

# vim /etc/nginx/conf.d/tomcat.conf 
    upstream app {
                    server localhost:8080;
                    keepalive 32;
    }
    
    server {
        listen 80;
        server_name localhost;
        location / {
            proxy_set_header Host $host;
            proxy_set_header x-for $remote_addr;
            proxy_set_header x-server $host;
            proxy_set_header x-agent $http_user_agent;
            proxy_pass http://app;
        }
    }
    
    [root@node132 conf.d]# ss -nltp|grep java
    LISTEN    0  1    ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005  :::*      users:(("java",39559,45))
    LISTEN    0  100                :::8009  :::*      users:(("java",39559,43))
    LISTEN    0  100                :::8080  :::*      users:(("java",39559,42))
    
    tomcat版本
    [root@node132 conf.d]# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh version
    Using CATALINA_BASE:  /usr/local/tomcat
    Using CATALINA_HOME:  /usr/local/tomcat
                ....
    Server version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.69
    Server built:  Apr 11 2016 07:57:09 UTC
    Server number:  7.0.69.0
    OS Name:        Linux
    OS Version:    2.6.32-573.el6.x86_64
    Architecture:  amd64
    JVM Version:    1.7.0_79-b15
    JVM Vendor:    Oracle Corporation
    
    验证结果
    # curl http://localhost
    
    <!DOCTYPE html>
    
    <html lang="en">
        <head>
            <title>Apache Tomcat/7.0.69</title>
            <link href="favicon.ico" rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" />
            <link href="favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" />
            <link href="tomcat.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
        </head>
        ......

## 五、proxy模块指令描述 ##

proxy模块的可用配置指令非常多，它们分别用于定义proxy模块工作时的诸多属性，如连接超时时长、代理时使用http协议版本等。下面对常用的指令做一个简单说明。

proxy\_connect\_timeout  
  nginx将一个请求发送至upstream server之前等待的最大时长；  
proxy\_cookie\_domain  
  将upstream server通过Set-Cookie首部设定的domain属性修改为指定的值，其值可以为一个字符串、正则表达式的模式或一个引用的变量；  
proxy\_cookie\_path  
   将upstream server通过Set-Cookie首部设定的path属性修改为指定的值，其值可以为一个字符串、正则表达式的模式或一个引用的变量；  
proxy\_hide\_header  
  设定发送给客户端的报文中需要隐藏的首部；  
proxy\_pass  
  指定将请求代理至upstream server的URL路径；  
proxy\_set\_header  
  将发送至upsream server的报文的某首部进行重写；  
proxy\_redirect  
  重写location并刷新从upstream server收到的报文的首部；  
proxy\_send\_timeout  
  在连接断开之前两次发送至upstream server的写操作的最大间隔时长；  
proxy\_read\_timeout  
   在连接断开之前两次从接收upstream server接收读操作的最大间隔时长；

如下面的一个示例：
        proxy_redirect off;
        proxy_set_header Host $host;
        proxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr;
        proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
        client_max_body_size 10m;
        client_body_buffer_size 128k;
        proxy_connect_timeout 30;
        proxy_send_timeout 15;
        proxy_read_timeout 15;

注：最后更新时间20171110，添加反向代理至tomcat内容

[![DBA牛鹏社(SQL/NOSQL/LINUX)][DBA_SQL_NOSQL_LINUX]][DBA_SQL_NOSQL_LINUX_DBA_SQL_NOSQL_LINUX]

![这里写图片描述][1493001734_6055.jpg]

[CentOS 7_Nginx]: http://blog.csdn.net/leshami/article/details/78377245
[SouthEast]: /images/20220606/10b5f5a579fa459f97d510ec7b8b8ff6.png
[DBA_SQL_NOSQL_LINUX]: http://pub.idqqimg.com/wpa/images/group.png
[DBA_SQL_NOSQL_LINUX_DBA_SQL_NOSQL_LINUX]: /images/20220606/901b600f65a74176ab4ba14d9846f29c.png
[1493001734_6055.jpg]: https://img-my.csdn.net/uploads/201704/24/1493001734_6055.jpg