Mysql+KeepAlived 主从搭建测试（互为主从）

缺乏、安全感 2022-06-04 00:49 190阅读 0赞

一、目的：  
  
解决Master单点问题，两台mysql互为主备，双向replication。当一master挂了，则将slave切换为master，继续工作。  
主机A：192.168.1.8  
  
主机B：192.168.1.9  
  
二、互为主从配置  
1.安装  
具体安装过程请参考：  
  
http://blog.csdn.net/shiyu1157758655/article/details/70226036

2.具体配置：

主机A上，vi /etc/my.cnf，添加：

log-bin=mysql-bin
    server-id=1
    binlog_do_db=shiyu   #指定mysql的binlog日志记录哪个db
    replicate-do-db=shiyu  #需要同步的db

注意，Mysql版本从5.1.7以后开始就不支持“master-host”类似的参数，例如:

master-host=192.168.1.9  #目标机器是B的地址
    master-user=user1
    master-password=pass1
    master-port=3306
    master-connect-retry=5

机器B上，vi /etc/my.cnf，添加：

log-bin=mysql-bin
    server-id=2  #服务id要和A不同
    binlog_do_db=shiyu   #指定mysql的binlog日志记录哪个db
    replicate-do-db=shiyu  #需要同步的db

在机器A上开启binlog,创建复制帐号

mysql> create user 'user1'@'%' identified by 'pass1';  
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)  
     
    mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'user1'@'%';  
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec) 
    
    mysql> flush privileges;  
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

在机器B上开启binlog,创建复制帐号

mysql> create user 'user2'@'%' identified by 'pass2';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'user2'@'%';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> flush privileges;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

在机器A上和机器B上创建数据库shiyu，并创建一个测试的table

mysql> create database shiyu;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> use shiyu;
    Database changed
    mysql> create table test(id int,name varchar(10));
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)

机器A上查看信息

机器B上开启同步：

mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.1.8',master_port=3306,master_log_file='mysql-bin.000002',master_log_pos=947,master_user='user1',maaster_password='pass1';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> start slave;
    
    mysql> show slave status\G;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
                   Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                      Master_Host: 192.168.1.8
                      Master_User: user1
                      Master_Port: 3306
                    Connect_Retry: 60
                  Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
              Read_Master_Log_Pos: 1657
                   Relay_Log_File: tomcat2-relay-bin.000002
                    Relay_Log_Pos: 1030
            Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000002
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
                  Replicate_Do_DB: shiyu
              Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
               Replicate_Do_Table: 
           Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
          Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                       Last_Errno: 0
                       Last_Error: 
                     Skip_Counter: 0
              Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 1657
                  Relay_Log_Space: 1239
                  Until_Condition: None
                   Until_Log_File: 
                    Until_Log_Pos: 0
               Master_SSL_Allowed: No
               Master_SSL_CA_File: 
               Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
                  Master_SSL_Cert: 
                Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                   Master_SSL_Key: 
            Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
    Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                    Last_IO_Errno: 0
                    Last_IO_Error: 
                   Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                   Last_SQL_Error: 
      Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
                 Master_Server_Id: 1
                      Master_UUID: 5d340b81-d4a3-11e7-ac7c-000c29c84c5f
                 Master_Info_File: /u01/data/master.info
                        SQL_Delay: 0
              SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
          Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
               Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                      Master_Bind: 
          Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
         Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
                   Master_SSL_Crl: 
               Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
               Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
                Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                    Auto_Position: 0
             Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                     Channel_Name: 
               Master_TLS_Version: 
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    ERROR: 
    No query specified

机器B上查看信息

机器A上开启同步：

mysql> change master to master_host='192.168.1.9',master_port=3306,master_log_file='mysql-bin.000014',master_log_pos=316,master_user='user2',master_password='pass2';
    Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> start slave;
    Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> show slave status\G;
    *************************** 1. row ***************************
                   Slave_IO_State: Waiting for master to send event
                      Master_Host: 192.168.1.9
                      Master_User: user2
                      Master_Port: 3306
                    Connect_Retry: 60
                  Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000014
              Read_Master_Log_Pos: 316
                   Relay_Log_File: tomcat1-relay-bin.000002
                    Relay_Log_Pos: 320
            Relay_Master_Log_File: mysql-bin.000014
                 Slave_IO_Running: Yes
                Slave_SQL_Running: Yes
                  Replicate_Do_DB: shiyu
              Replicate_Ignore_DB: 
               Replicate_Do_Table: 
           Replicate_Ignore_Table: 
          Replicate_Wild_Do_Table: 
      Replicate_Wild_Ignore_Table: 
                       Last_Errno: 0
                       Last_Error: 
                     Skip_Counter: 0
              Exec_Master_Log_Pos: 316
                  Relay_Log_Space: 529
                  Until_Condition: None
                   Until_Log_File: 
                    Until_Log_Pos: 0
               Master_SSL_Allowed: No
               Master_SSL_CA_File: 
               Master_SSL_CA_Path: 
                  Master_SSL_Cert: 
                Master_SSL_Cipher: 
                   Master_SSL_Key: 
            Seconds_Behind_Master: 0
    Master_SSL_Verify_Server_Cert: No
                    Last_IO_Errno: 0
                    Last_IO_Error: 
                   Last_SQL_Errno: 0
                   Last_SQL_Error: 
      Replicate_Ignore_Server_Ids: 
                 Master_Server_Id: 2
                      Master_UUID: 02c31977-d3d8-11e7-8197-000c295a16f1
                 Master_Info_File: /u01/data/master.info
                        SQL_Delay: 0
              SQL_Remaining_Delay: NULL
          Slave_SQL_Running_State: Slave has read all relay log; waiting for more updates
               Master_Retry_Count: 86400
                      Master_Bind: 
          Last_IO_Error_Timestamp: 
         Last_SQL_Error_Timestamp: 
                   Master_SSL_Crl: 
               Master_SSL_Crlpath: 
               Retrieved_Gtid_Set: 
                Executed_Gtid_Set: 
                    Auto_Position: 0
             Replicate_Rewrite_DB: 
                     Channel_Name: 
               Master_TLS_Version: 
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)
    
    ERROR: 
    No query specified
    
    mysql>

三、验证

机器A上插入一行数据：

mysql> insert into test values(1,'A');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from test;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | A    |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

机器B上查看

mysql> select * from test;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | A    |
    +------+------+
    1 row in set (0.00 sec)

机器B上插入一行数据：

mysql> insert into test values(2,'B');
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
    
    mysql> select * from test;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | A    |
    |    2 | B    |
    +------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

机器A上查看:

mysql> select * from test;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | A    |
    |    2 | B    |
    +------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

至此说明A和B互为主从，在一个上面修改数据，就会同步到另外一个机器上是可行的。

四、KeepAlived

上一步确保了互为主从设置成功后，接下来安装：

[root@tomcat1 ~]# yum install keepalived
    [root@tomcat1 ~]# keepalived -v
    Keepalived v1.2.13 (03/19,2015)
    
    [root@tomcat2 ~]# yum install keepalived
    
    [root@tomcat2 ~]# keepalived -v
    Keepalived v1.2.13 (03/19,2015)

1.具体配置

在A服务器编辑KeepAlived的配置文件vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.

! Configuration File for keepalived
    
    global_defs {  #主要是配置故障发生时的通知对象以及机器标识。
       router_id HA_MySQL  #标识，双主相同
    }
    
    vrrp_instance VI_1 {  #用来定义对外提供服务的VIP区域以及机器标识
        state BACKUP  #注意，主从两端都配置成了backup，因为使用了nopreempt,即非抢占模式
        interface eth0
        virtual_router_id 51  #分组，主备相同
        priority 100  #优先级，这个高一点则先把他当作为master
        advert_int 1
        nopreempt  #不主动抢占资源，设置非抢占模式
        authentication {
            auth_type PASS
            auth_pass 1111
        }
        virtual_ipaddress {
            192.168.1.10
        }
    }
    
    virtual_server 192.168.1.10 3306 {  #设置虚拟服务器，需要指定虚拟IP地址和服务端口，IP与端口直接用空格隔开
        delay_loop 2  #设置运行情况检查时间，单位是秒
        lb_algo wrr   #设置后端调度算法，rr为轮询算法，这里设置的wrr是带有权重的轮询算法
        lb_kind DR    #设置LVS实现负载均衡的机制。有NAR、TUN、DR三个模式可选
        persistence_timeout 60  #回话保持的时间，单位是秒。这个选项对动态网页是非常有用的，为了集群系统中的session
                                #共享提供了一个很好的解决方案。有了这个会话保持功能，用户的请求会被一直分发到某个服务节点，
                                #直到超过这个会话的保持时间。
       protocol TCP   #指定转发协议类型，有TCP和UDP两种
    
        real_server 192.168.1.8 3306 {  #配置服务节点1，需要制定real server的真实IP地址和端口号，IP与端口之间用空格隔开
            weight 3   #配置服务节点的权值，权值大小用数字表示，数字越大，权值越高，设置全职大小为分区不同性能的服务器
            notify_down /usr/local/keepalived/mysql.sh #检测到real server的mysql服务down后执行的脚本
            TCP_CHECK {
                connect_timeout 3  #连接超时时间
                nb_get_retry 3     #重连次数
                delay_before_retry 3 #重连间隔时间
                connect_port 3306  #健康检查端口，设置车工自己mysql的服务端口
    
         } 
      }
    }

然后编辑机器B上的配置文件

! Configuration File for keepalived
    
    global_defs {  
       router_id HA_MySQL  
    }
    
    vrrp_instance VI_1 {  
        state BACKUP  
        interface eth0
        virtual_router_id 51  
        priority 90   #优先级，这个要低一点
        advert_int 1
        #nopreempt  #这里的nopreempt(即非抢占模式)去掉，因为该配置项一般只在优先级高的mysql上配置 
        authentication {
            auth_type PASS
            auth_pass 1111
        }
        virtual_ipaddress {
            192.168.1.10
        }
    }
    virtual_server 192.168.1.10 3306 {  
        delay_loop 2 
        lb_algo wrr   
        lb_kind DR   
        persistence_timeout 60                            
        protocol TCP   
    
        real_server 192.168.1.9 3306 {  
            weight 3   
            notify_down /usr/local/keepalived/mysql.sh 
            TCP_CHECK {
                connect_timeout 3  
                nb_get_retry 3    
                delay_before_retry 3 
                connect_port 3306  
    
        } 
      }
    }

有一点要注意的是，主从两端的state，都配置成了backup，因为使用了nopreempt，即非抢占模式。举个例子，当主端先启动mysql实例和keepalived后，如果此时从端也启动了mysql实例和keepalived，那么vip不会跳到从端上去，即使它的优先级为100，要大于主端的90而如果不设置nopreempt，那么这个时候，又分2种情况：1.state相同，即都是master或都是backup优先级高的，会占有vip，和角色无关2.state不同，即master->backup或backup->master优先级高的，会占有vip，和角色无关前提不同，结果都是一样的，即优先级是主导，谁的优先级高，vip就漂到谁那里可以看到A和B配置的共同点，就是virtual\_ipaddress都是，这样当我们使用mysql的时候，就连接到这个虚拟ip上，由它进行转发到实体机。priority值高的先被访问，作为Master。这样实体机mysql的down机重启和转换主从角色则由keepalived来完成，对应用层透明，让应用无法感知。两台机器要通局域网，虚拟IP会被设置在他们共有的局域网内，不通的话两台机器各设置各的虚拟IP。  
  
杀死keepalived的脚本（机器A和B上都要有）

vi /usr/local/keepalived/mysql.sh

#!/bin/bash
    #kill掉keepalived进程，以防止脑裂问题。
    pkill keepalived

启动keepalived服务（两台都要启动）

[root@tomcat1 keepalived]#chmod +x /usr/local/keepalived/mysql.sh
    
    [root@tomcat1 keepalived]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start正在启动 keepalived：[确定]
    [root@tomcat1 keepalived]# /etc/init.d/keepalived statuskeepalived (pid 5279) 正在运行...
    
    [root@tomcat2 keepalived]#chmod +x /usr/local/keepalived/mysql.sh
    
    [root@tomcat2 keepalived]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start正在启动 keepalived：[确定]
    [root@tomcat2 keepalived]# /etc/init.d/keepalived statuskeepalived (pid 7426) 正在运行

2.测试  
  
先给个图说下目前的状况，应用程序连接VIP，VIP连接到A机器，从A向B执行Replication同步

![Center][]  
(1)连接虚拟IP  
  
先查看下虚拟ip有没有，在设置的priority值高，也就是主机的那台机器上，这里是A机器，调用如下命令

[root@tomcat1 ~]# ip addr
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
        inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:c8:4c:5f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.1.8/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
     inet 192.168.1.10/32 scope global eth0
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fec8:4c5f/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

可以看到已经有虚拟ip了，被绑定到了eth0上了。同时在B上面执行，则发现没有虚拟ip，说明现在A机器被选择了承担虚拟ip。接下来ping下它

[root@tomcat1 ~]# ping 192.168.1.10
    PING 192.168.1.10 (192.168.1.10) 56(84) bytes of data.
    64 bytes from 192.168.1.10: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.025 ms
    64 bytes from 192.168.1.10: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.034 ms

说明可以ping通，下面用客户端连接共同的入口，即虚拟IP

[root@tomcat1 ~]# mysql -uroot -h192.168.1.10 -p
    Enter password: 
    Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
    Your MySQL connection id is 323
    Server version: 5.7.15-log MySQL Community Server (GPL)
    
    Copyright (c) 2000, 2016, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
    
    Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
    affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
    owners.
    
    Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
    
    mysql> show variables like 'server_id';
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 1     |
    +---------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql>

server\_id=1是A机器，此时两台机器上的数据都是

mysql> select * from shiyu.test;
    +------+------+
    | id   | name |
    +------+------+
    |    1 | A    |
    |    2 | B    |
    +------+------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(2)修改数据

mysql> update test set name='shiyu' where id=2;
    Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
    Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0
    
    mysql> select * from test;
    +------+-------+
    | id   | name  |
    +------+-------+
    |    1 | A     |
    |    2 | shiyu |
    +------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

单独开个客户端去查看A和B的机器，得到同样的效果，数据得到了同步

mysql> select * from test;
    +------+-------+
    | id   | name  |
    +------+-------+
    |    1 | A     |
    |    2 | shiyu |
    +------+-------+
    2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

(3)模拟down机的情况

把mysql进程直接杀掉，类似于机器down的情况

[root@tomcat1 ~]# ps -ef |grep mysql
    root       4399      1  0 11:23 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --datadir=/u01/data --pid-file=/u01/data/tomcat1.pid
    mysql      5401   4399  2 16:16 pts/0    00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/u01/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/u01/data/tomcat1.err --pid-file=/u01/data/tomcat1.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
    root       5459   2401  0 16:16 pts/2    00:00:00 grep mysql
    [root@tomcat1 ~]# kill -9 4399
    [root@tomcat1 ~]# kill -9 5401

然后再次查看server\_id,短暂的失去联系，即可很快的恢复

mysql> show variables like 'server_id';
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 1     |
    +---------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.01 sec)
    
    mysql> show variables like 'server_id';
    ERROR 2013 (HY000): Lost connection to MySQL server during query
    mysql> show variables like 'server_id';
    ERROR 2006 (HY000): MySQL server has gone away
    No connection. Trying to reconnect...
    Connection id:    611
    Current database: *** NONE ***
    
    +---------------+-------+
    | Variable_name | Value |
    +---------------+-------+
    | server_id     | 2     |
    +---------------+-------+
    1 row in set (0.06 sec)

正常应该是虚拟VIP已经漂到B上了，在B上查看：

[root@tomcat2 ~]# ip addr
    1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 16436 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN 
        link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
        inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
        inet6 ::1/128 scope host 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
    2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
        link/ether 00:0c:29:5a:16:f1 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
        inet 192.168.1.9/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth0
        inet 192.168.1.10/32 scope global eth0
        inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe5a:16f1/64 scope link 
           valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

server\_id=2，并且B机器加载上了虚拟ip，同时我们在A机器上使用ip addr看到虚拟ip已经不存在了，A机器的keepalived进程也死了。充分证明了现在虚拟ip迁移到了B机器上。当然要让A机器复活，自己另外写脚本重启吧。现在的情况变成了应用程序连接VIP，VIP连接到B机器，从B向A执行Replication同步。

![Center 1][]

(4)复活机器A

重启机器A上的mysql和keepalived

[root@tomcat1 ~]# service mysql start
    Starting MySQL.                                            [确定]
    [root@tomcat1 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived start
    正在启动 keepalived：                                      [确定]
    [root@tomcat1 ~]# /etc/init.d/keepalived status
    keepalived (pid  5942) 正在运行...
    [root@tomcat1 ~]#

再次查看server\_id，发现还是2，说明虚拟ip没有迁移回到A机器，这样就避免了脑裂问题

五、总结  
  
Keepalived+mysql双主一般来说，中小型规模的时候，采用这种架构是最省事的。  
  
在master节点发生故障后，利用keepalived的高可用机制实现快速切换到备用节点。  
  
在这个方案里，有几个需要注意的地方：  
  
1.采用keepalived作为高可用方案时，两个节点最好都设置成BACKUP模式，避免因为意外情况下（比如脑裂）相互抢占导致往两个节点写入相同数据而引发冲突；  
  
2.把两个节点的auto\_increment\_increment（自增步长）和auto\_increment\_offset（自增起始值）设成不同值。其目的是为了避免master节点意外宕机时，可能会有部分binlog未能及时复制到slave上被应用，从而会导致slave新写入数据的自增值和原先master上冲突了，因此一开始就使其错开；当然了，如果有合适的容错机制能解决主从自增ID冲突的话，也可以不这么做；  
  
3.slave节点服务器配置不要太差，否则更容易导致复制延迟。作为热备节点的slave服务器，硬件配置不能低于master节点；  
  
4.如果对延迟问题很敏感的话，可考虑使用MariaDB分支版本，或者直接上线MySQL 5.7最新版本，利用多线程复制的方式可以很大程度降低复制延迟

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