安全HDFS客户端初始化方式

深藏阁楼爱情的钟 2022-05-28 00:23 218阅读 0赞

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#### 转自：https://community.hortonworks.com/articles/56702/a-secure-hdfs-client-example.html ####

#### Short Description: ####

Explaining the creation of a secure HDFS client in Java

#### Article ####

It takes about 3 lines of Java code to write a simple HDFS client that can further be used to upload, read or list files. Here is an example:

1.  Configuration conf =newConfiguration();
2.  conf.set("fs.defaultFS","hdfs://one.hdp:8020");
3.  FileSystem fs =FileSystem.get(conf);

This [file system API][] gives the developer a generic interface to (any supported) file system depending on the protocol being use, in this case *hdfs*. This is enough to alter data on the Hadoop Distributed Filesystem, for example to list all the files under the root folder:

1.  FileStatus\[\] fsStatus = fs.listStatus(newPath("/"));
2.  for(int i =0; i < fsStatus.length; i\++)\{ 
3.  System.out.println(fsStatus\[i\].getPath().toString());
4.  \}

For a secured environment this is not enough, because you would need to consider these further aspects:

1.  ***A secure protocol***
2.  ***Authentication with Kerberos***
3.  ***Impersonation (proxy user), if designed as a service***

What we discuss here for a sample HDFS client can in variance also be applied to other Hadoop clients.

![7713-yje1j.gif][]

## A Secure HDFS Protocol ##

One way to secure the communication between clients and Hadoop services in general is to [use SSL encryption][] for all RPC calls. This does have a sever impact on the overall cluster performance in general. To avoid this and still ensure a secure communication it can be enough to just encrypt HTTP endpoints. If doing so swebhdfs (SSL+webhdfs) can be used as the protocol. Example:

1.  Configuration conf =newConfiguration();
2.  conf.set("fs.defaultFS","swebhdfs://one.hdp:50470");
3.  FileSystem fs =FileSystem.get(conf);

## Authentication with Kerberos ##

A secure client would need to use [Kerberos][], which is the only authentication method currently supported by Hadoop. Kerberos does require very thoughtful configuration but rewards it's users with an almost completely transparent authentication implementation that simply works.

Making use of Kerberos authentication in Java is provided by the [Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS)][Java Authentication and Authorization Service _JAAS]which is a pluggable authentication method similar to PAM supporting multiple authentication methods. In this case the authentication method being used is [GSS-API for Kerberos][].

For JAAS a proper configuration of GSS would be needed in addition to being in possession of proper credentials, obviously. Some credentials can be created with MIT Kerberos like this:

1.  (as root)
2.  $ kadmin.local\-q "addprinc -pw hadoop hdfs-user"
3.  $ kadmin.local\-q "xst -k /home/hdfs-user/hdfs-user.keytab hdfs-user@MYCORP.NET"
4.  (Creating a keytab will make the existing password invalid.To change your password back to hadoop useas root:)
5.  $ kadmin.local\-q "cpw -pw hadoop hdfs-user"

The last line is not necessarily needed as it creates us a so called keytab - basically an encrypted password of the user - that can be used for password less authentication for example for automated services. We will make use of that here as well.

Additionally we create a JAAS configuration, we can use for authentication:

1.  com.sun.security.jgss.krb5.initiate \{ 
2.   com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required
3.   doNotPrompt=true
4.   principal="hdfs-user@MYCORP.NET"
5.   useKeyTab=true
6.   keyTab="/home/hdfs-user/hdfs-user.keytab"
7.   storeKey=true;
8.  \};

We now have multiple ways to use authentication and here I will start with probably the most simple approach regarding required code changes:

**1. Authentication with Keytab**

Authentication web based access to HDFS with a keytab requires almost no code changes despite the use of (s)webhdfs protocol and change of authentication method:

1.  conf.set("fs.defaultFS","webhdfs://one.hdp:50070");
2.  conf.set("hadoop.security.authentication","kerberos");
3.  
4.  FileSystem fs =FileSystem.get(conf);
5.  FileStatus\[\] fsStatus = fs.listStatus(newPath("/"));
6.  for(int i =0; i < fsStatus.length; i\++)\{ 
7.  System.out.println(fsStatus\[i\].getPath().toString());
8.  \}

The above is enough if executed in a JAAS context. Creating the secure context can be done be using the above JAAS and keytab.

1.  java \-Djava.security.auth.login.config=/home/hdfs\-user/jaas.conf \\
2.  \-Djava.security.krb5.conf=/etc/krb5.conf \\
3.  \-Djavax.security.auth.useSubjectCredsOnly=false \\
4.  \-cp "./hdfs-sample-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/lib/\*:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-hdfs-client/\*:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/\*" \\
5.  hdfs.sample.HdfsMain
6.  
7.  webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/app-logs
8.  webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/apps
9.  webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/ats
10. webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/hdp
11. webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/mapred
12. webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/mr-history
13. webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/tmp
14. webhdfs://one.hdp:50070/user

**2. Using UserGroupInformation**

For authentication in Hadoop there exists a wrapper class around a JAAS Subject to provide methods for user login. The UserGroupInformation wrapper without a specific setup uses the system security context, in case of Kerberos this exist in the ticket cache (*klist* shows the existing security context of a user). This is demonstrated under *"With Existing Security Context"*below. Further a custom security context can be used for login, either with by using a keytab file or even with credentials. Both approaches are also demonstrated here under *"Providing Credentials from Login"* and *"Via Keytab"*.

**With Existing Security Context**

First we would need to authenticate and make sure we have a proper security context:

1.  $ kinit 
2.  Passwordfor hdfs\-user@MYCORP.NET:
3.  $ klist
4.  Ticket cache: FILE:/tmp/krb5cc\_1013
5.  Default principal: hdfs\-user@MYCORP.NET
6.  
7.  Valid starting ExpiresService principal
8.  02/14/201614:54:3202/15/201614:54:32 krbtgt/MYCORP.NET@MYCORP.NET

With this the following can HDFS client implementation can be used in a secured environment:

1.  Configuration conf =newConfiguration();
2.  conf.set("fs.defaultFS","hdfs://one.hdp:8020");
3.  conf.set("hadoop.security.authentication","kerberos");
4.  
5.  UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(conf);
6.  // Subject is taken from current user context
7.  UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromSubject(null);
8.  
9.  FileSystem fs =FileSystem.get(conf);
10. FileStatus\[\] fsStatus = fs.listStatus(newPath("/"));
11. 
12. for(int i =0; i <= fsStatus.length; i\++)\{ 
13. System.out.println(fsStatus\[i\].getPath().toString());
14. \}

Creating the JAAS context during run-time the client could be executed like this:

1.  java \-cp "./hdfs-sample-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/lib/\*:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-hdfs-client/\*:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/\*" \\
2.  hdfs.sample.HdfsMain
3.  
4.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/app-logs
5.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/apps
6.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/ats
7.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/hdp
8.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/mapred
9.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/mr-history
10. hdfs://one.hdp:8020/tmp
11. hdfs://one.hdp:8020/user

**Providing Credentials from Login**

Providing login credentials at execution requires the creation of a javax.security.auth.Subject with username and password. This means that we will have to use the GSS-API to do a *kinit* like this:

1.  privatestaticString username ="hdfs-user";
2.  privatestaticchar\[\] password ="hadoop".toCharArray();
3.  publicstaticLoginContext kinit()throwsLoginException\{ 
4.  LoginContext lc =newLoginContext(HdfsMain.class.getSimpleName(),newCallbackHandler()\{ 
5.  publicvoid handle(Callback\[\] callbacks)throwsIOException,UnsupportedCallbackException\{ 
6.  for(Callback c : callbacks)\{ 
7.  if(c instanceofNameCallback)
8.  ((NameCallback) c).setName(username);
9.  if(c instanceofPasswordCallback)
10. ((PasswordCallback) c).setPassword(password);
11. \}
12. \}\});
13.  lc.login();
14. return lc;
15. \}

We still have to configure the JAAS login module referenced by the name that we provide in the above implementation. The name applied in the example above is set to be HdfsMain.class.getSimpleName(), so our module configuration should look like this:

1.  HdfsMain\{ 
2.   com.sun.security.auth.module.Krb5LoginModule required client=TRUE;
3.  \};

Having this in place we can now login with username and password:

1.  Configuration conf =newConfiguration();
2.  conf.set("fs.defaultFS","hdfs://one.hdp:8020");
3.  conf.set("hadoop.security.authentication","kerberos");
4.  UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(conf);
5.  
6.  LoginContext lc = kinit();
7.  UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromSubject(lc.getSubject());
8.  
9.  FileSystem fs =FileSystem.get(conf);
10. FileStatus\[\] fsStatus = fs.listStatus(newPath("/"));
11. 
12. for(int i =0; i < fsStatus.length; i\++)\{ 
13. System.out.println(fsStatus\[i\].getPath().toString());
14. \}

**Via Keytab**

In the first part we injected the security context via the JAAS security context (-Djava.security.auth.login.config=/home/hdfs-user/jaas.conf) configuring keytab authentication. We can also achieve this using JAAS security wrapper UserGroupInformation provided by Hadoop.

1.  UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(conf);
2.  UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab("hdfs-user@MYCORP.NET","/home/hdfs-user/hdfs-user.keytab");

The complete code being used:

1.  Configuration conf =newConfiguration();
2.  conf.set("fs.defaultFS","hdfs://one.hdp:8020");
3.  conf.set("hadoop.security.authentication","kerberos");
4.  
5.  UserGroupInformation.setConfiguration(conf);
6.  UserGroupInformation.loginUserFromKeytab("hdfs-user@MYCORP.NET",
7.  "/home/hdfs-user/hdfs-user.keytab");
8.  
9.  FileSystem fs =FileSystem.get(conf);
10. FileStatus\[\] fsStatus = fs.listStatus(newPath("/"));
11. for(int i =0; i < fsStatus.length; i\++)\{ 
12. System.out.println(fsStatus\[i\].getPath().toString());
13. \}

Please note that it is not required to configure the JAAS context, as we are using UserGroupInformation:

1.  $ klist
2.  klist:Credentials cache file '/tmp/krb5cc\_1013'not found
3.  $ java \-cp "./hdfs-sample-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/lib/\*:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-hdfs-client/\*:/usr/hdp/current/hadoop-client/\*" hdfs.sample.HdfsMain
4.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/app-logs
5.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/apps
6.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/ats
7.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/hdp
8.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/mapred
9.  hdfs://one.hdp:8020/mr-history
10. hdfs://one.hdp:8020/tmp
11. hdfs://one.hdp:8020/user

## Impersonation ##

A last aspect when writing clients for a secure HDP cluster is the proxy user setting especially if you are designing a service implementation. The proxy user functionality enables services to access resources on the cluster on behalf of another user. Hence the service is impersonating the user.

A good example of such a service is the HiveServer2. The HS2 recieves SQL requests and creates an execution plan using a execution engine like MapReduce, Tez, or Spark. The plan is being executed on the cluster on behalf of the user doing the SQL request.

Of course it is important to be in control of who is able to impersonate whom and from where. This can be configured by adding a proxyuser config to Hadoop:

1.  hadoop.proxyuser.\{ \{ service\_user\_name\}\}.groups
2.  hadoop.proxuyser.\{ \{ service\_user\_name\}\}.hosts

If for example we have a Tomcat service running on host [web.mycorp.net][] the following example configuration would enable the service to impersonate users in the group web-users from host [web.mycorp.net][].

1.  hadoop.proxyuser.tomcat.groups=web\-users
2.  hadoop.proxyuser.tomcat.hosts=web.mycorp.net

It is important to make sure service are not able to impersonate hdfs or other service account that have special privileges. Only trusted services should be added to the proxyuser setup.

Clients can also use the UserGroupInformation class to impersonate other users. With the doAs implementation can be wrapped into the context of the user to be impersonated.

1.  // system/service user able to proxy
2.  UserGroupInformation proxyUser =UserGroupInformation.getCurrentUser();
3.  // user = user to impersonate
4.  UserGroupInformation ugi =UserGroupInformation.createProxyUser(user, proxyUser);
5.  try\{ 
6.   fsStatus = ugi.doAs(newPrivilegedExceptionAction<FileStatus\[\]>()\{ 
7.  publicFileStatus\[\] run()throwsIOException\{ 
8.  returnFileSystem.get(conf).listStatus(p);
9.  \}
10. \});
11. \}catch(InterruptedException e)\{  e.printStackTrace();\}

Here the user parameter defines the user (as String) in which context the call should be executed. The proxyUser is the current service or system user running the client. Be aware of the fact that not in all circumstances the proxyUser might be equal to UserGroupInformation.getCurrentUser().

## Further Readings ##

1.  [Wire Encryption in Hadoop][use SSL encryption]
2.  [Difference between trustStore and keyStore in Java - SSL][]
3.  [Kerberos and Hadoop][]
4.  [Kerberos (Protocol)][Kerberos]
5.  [Java Authentication and Authorization Service][Java Authentication and Authorization Service _JAAS]
6.  [GSS-API/Kerberos v5 Authentication][GSS-API for Kerberos]
7.  [JAAS Login Configuration File][]

This article was first published under: [http://henning.kropponline.de/2016/02/14/a-secure-hdfs-client-example/][http_henning.kropponline.de_2016_02_14_a-secure-hdfs-client-example]

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[file system API]: http://hadoop.apache.org/docs/current/api/org/apache/hadoop/fs/FileSystem.html
[7713-yje1j.gif]: /images/20220528/efd08e8f8e214302ae1084f5c36639c4.png
[use SSL encryption]: http://hortonworks.com/blog/wire-encryption-hadoop/
[Kerberos]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_%28protocol%29
[Java Authentication and Authorization Service _JAAS]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Authentication_and_Authorization_Service
[GSS-API for Kerberos]: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/jndi/tutorial/ldap/security/gssapi.html
[web.mycorp.net]: http://web.mycorp.net/
[Difference between trustStore and keyStore in Java - SSL]: http://javarevisited.blogspot.de/2012/09/difference-between-truststore-vs-keyStore-Java-SSL.html
[Kerberos and Hadoop]: https://github.com/steveloughran/kerberos_and_hadoop
[JAAS Login Configuration File]: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/security/jgss/tutorials/LoginConfigFile.html
[http_henning.kropponline.de_2016_02_14_a-secure-hdfs-client-example]: http://henning.kropponline.de/2016/02/14/a-secure-hdfs-client-example/