Rust常用操作

不念不忘少年蓝@ 2022-03-02 03:56 355阅读 0赞

# Rust常用操作 #

列举常用的一些功能的demo或者实现形式。

# 当前路径&遍历目录 #

use std::fs;
    use std::env;
    
    fn main() {
    
        println!("curdir: {}, curexe: {}", env::current_dir().unwrap().display(), env::current_exe().unwrap().display());
    
        println!("cd to ../..\n");
        env::set_current_dir("../..").unwrap();
        println!("ls: {}", env::current_dir().unwrap().display());
    
        let paths = fs::read_dir("./").unwrap();
        for path in paths {
            let f = path.unwrap().path();
            println!("{} {}", if f.is_file() { "f" } else { "d" }, f.display());
        }
    
    }

# 系统信息 #

这个没有官方的包，需要使用第三方 sys-info.  
获取信息十分有限。

extern crate sys_info;
    
    fn main() {
        println!("操作系统：{}", sys_info::os_type().unwrap());
        println!("版本：{}", sys_info::os_release().unwrap()); // win10 is 6.2
        println!("名称：{}", sys_info::hostname().unwrap());
    
        println!("CPU个数：{}", sys_info::cpu_num().unwrap());
        println!("CPU速度：{:.2}GHz", sys_info::cpu_speed().unwrap() as f64 / 1024.0);
        println!("平均负载：{:.2}%", sys_info::loadavg().unwrap().one * 100.0);
    
        let minfo = sys_info::mem_info().unwrap();
        println!("内存信息：{:.2}G/{:.2}G free", minfo.total as f64/1024.0/1024.0, minfo.free as f64/1024.0/1024.0);
    
        let dinfo = sys_info::disk_info().unwrap();
        println!("当前磁盘分区信息：{:.2}G/{:.2}G free", dinfo.total as f64/1024.0/1024.0, dinfo.free as f64/1024.0/1024.0);
    }

# stdio #

use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    
    fn main() {
        let mut input = String::new();
        println!("test io input.");
        io::stdout().write("put your code: ".as_bytes()).unwrap();
        io::stdout().flush().unwrap();
    
        io::stdin().read_line(&mut input).unwrap();
        println!("your input: {}", input);
    
    }
    // try! 和 ？ 作用雷同，都需要在父函数中返回Result才能使用。

# 数据遍历&汇聚 #

use std::io;
    use std::io::prelude::*;
    
    fn main() {
        let a = (1..5).collect::<Vec<_>>();
        for i in &a {
            println!("1 {}", i);
        }
        a.into_iter().for_each(|v| {
            println!("2 {}", v)
        });
    
        let m = (1..20).fold(0u64, |x, y| y + x);
        println!("{}", m);
        let m = (1..20).map(|x| 10 * x);
        println!("{}", m);
        let m = (1..20).filter(|x| x%3 == 0);
        println!("{}", m);
    }

# 参数解析pro #

extern crate clap;
    use clap::{Arg, App, SubCommand};
    
    fn main() {
        let matches = App::new("My Super Program")
            .version("1.0")
            .author("Kevin K. <kbknapp@gmail.com>")
            .about("Does awesome things")
            .arg(Arg::with_name("config")
                .short("c")
                .long("config")
                .value_name("FILE")
                .help("Sets a custom config file")
                .takes_value(true))
            .arg(Arg::with_name("INPUT")
                .help("Sets the input file to use")
                .required(true)
                .index(1))
            .arg(Arg::with_name("v")
                .short("v")
                .multiple(true)
                .help("Sets the level of verbosity"))
            .subcommand(SubCommand::with_name("test")
                .about("controls testing features")
                .version("1.3")
                .author("Someone E. <someone_else@other.com>")
                .arg(Arg::with_name("debug")
                    .short("d")
                    .help("print debug information verbosely")))
            .get_matches();
    
        // Gets a value for config if supplied by user, or defaults to "default.conf"
        let config = matches.value_of("config").unwrap_or("default.conf");
        println!("Value for config: {}", config);
    
        // Calling .unwrap() is safe here because "INPUT" is required (if "INPUT" wasn't
        // required we could have used an 'if let' to conditionally get the value)
        println!("Using input file: {}", matches.value_of("INPUT").unwrap());
    
        // Vary the output based on how many times the user used the "verbose" flag
        // (i.e. 'myprog -v -v -v' or 'myprog -vvv' vs 'myprog -v'
        match matches.occurrences_of("v") {
            0 => println!("No verbose info"),
            1 => println!("Some verbose info"),
            2 => println!("Tons of verbose info"),
            3 | _ => println!("Don't be crazy"),
        }
    
        // You can handle information about subcommands by requesting their matches by name
        // (as below), requesting just the name used, or both at the same time
        if let Some(matches) = matches.subcommand_matches("test") {
            if matches.is_present("debug") {
                println!("Printing debug info...");
            } else {
                println!("Printing normally...");
            }
        }
    
        // more program logic goes here...
    }
    
    // rsdemo.exe i.txt -v -v test -d

# 调用Win32 API #

// winapi={ version = "", features = ["winuser"] }
    
    #[cfg(windows)] extern crate winapi;
    use std::io::Error;
    
    #[cfg(windows)]
    fn print_message(msg: &str) -> Result<i32, Error> {
        use std::ffi::OsStr;
        use std::iter::once;
        use std::os::windows::ffi::OsStrExt;
        use std::ptr::null_mut;
        use winapi::um::winuser::{MB_OK, MessageBoxW};
        let wide: Vec<u16> = OsStr::new(msg).encode_wide().chain(once(0)).collect();
        let ret = unsafe {
            MessageBoxW(null_mut(), wide.as_ptr(), wide.as_ptr(), MB_OK)
        };
        if ret == 0 { Err(Error::last_os_error()) }
        else { Ok(ret) }
    }
    #[cfg(not(windows))]
    fn print_message(msg: &str) -> Result<(), Error> {
        println!("{}", msg);
        Ok(())
    }
    fn main() {
        print_message("Hello, world!").unwrap();
    }

# json #

# web #

服务器端：  
在目前状态下(2019-2-21)基本没有太多可选的，大部分web框架都依赖tokio执行，其中功能比较完善的是actix系列。

# sql #

mysql

#[macro_use]
    extern crate mysql;
    // ...
    
    use mysql as my;
    
    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
    struct Payment {
        customer_id: i32,
        amount: i32,
        account_name: Option<String>,
    }
    
    fn main() {
        // See docs on the `OptsBuilder`'s methods for the list of options available via URL.
        let pool = my::Pool::new("mysql://root:password@localhost:3307/mysql").unwrap();
    
        // Let's create payment table.
        // Unwrap just to make sure no error happened.
        pool.prep_exec(r"CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE payment (
                             customer_id int not null,
                             amount int not null,
                             account_name text
                         )", ()).unwrap();
    
        let payments = vec![
            Payment { customer_id: 1, amount: 2, account_name: None },
            Payment { customer_id: 3, amount: 4, account_name: Some("foo".into()) },
            Payment { customer_id: 5, amount: 6, account_name: None },
            Payment { customer_id: 7, amount: 8, account_name: None },
            Payment { customer_id: 9, amount: 10, account_name: Some("bar".into()) },
        ];
    
        // Let's insert payments to the database
        // We will use into_iter() because we do not need to map Stmt to anything else.
        // Also we assume that no error happened in `prepare`.
        for mut stmt in pool.prepare(r"INSERT INTO payment
                                           (customer_id, amount, account_name)
                                       VALUES
                                           (:customer_id, :amount, :account_name)").into_iter() {
            for p in payments.iter() {
                // `execute` takes ownership of `params` so we pass account name by reference.
                // Unwrap each result just to make sure no errors happened.
                stmt.execute(params!{
                    "customer_id" => p.customer_id,
                    "amount" => p.amount,
                    "account_name" => &p.account_name,
                }).unwrap();
            }
        }
    
        // Let's select payments from database
        let selected_payments: Vec<Payment> =
        pool.prep_exec("SELECT customer_id, amount, account_name from payment", ())
        .map(|result| { // In this closure we will map `QueryResult` to `Vec<Payment>`
            // `QueryResult` is iterator over `MyResult<row, err>` so first call to `map`
            // will map each `MyResult` to contained `row` (no proper error handling)
            // and second call to `map` will map each `row` to `Payment`
            result.map(|x| x.unwrap()).map(|row| {
                // ⚠️ Note that from_row will panic if you don't follow your schema
                let (customer_id, amount, account_name) = my::from_row(row);
                Payment {
                    customer_id: customer_id,
                    amount: amount,
                    account_name: account_name,
                }
            }).collect() // Collect payments so now `QueryResult` is mapped to `Vec<Payment>`
        }).unwrap(); // Unwrap `Vec<Payment>`
    
        // Now make sure that `payments` equals to `selected_payments`.
        // Mysql gives no guaranties on order of returned rows without `ORDER BY`
        // so assume we are lukky.
        assert_eq!(payments, selected_payments);
        println!("Yay!");
    }

# gui #

比较建议使用Rust做后端+WebAssembly, 然后调用本地webview显示界面，提供特定功能。  
参考：

*  [https://github.com/huytd/kanban-app][https_github.com_huytd_kanban-app]
 *  [https://crates.io/crates/web-view][https_crates.io_crates_web-view]

azul  
imgui  
\*hwgui

Servo RUST做的渲染引擎。

# webassembly #

[https://rustwasm.github.io/book/game-of-life/introduction.html][https_rustwasm.github.io_book_game-of-life_introduction.html]

# image #

image

extern crate image;
    
    use image::GenericImageView;
    
    fn main() {
        // Use the open function to load an image from a Path.
        // ```open```returns a `DynamicImage` on success.
        let img = image::open("test.jpg").unwrap();
    
        // The dimensions method returns the images width and height.
        println!("dimensions {:?}", img.dimensions());
    
        // The color method returns the image's `ColorType`.
        println!("{:?}", img.color());
    
        // Write the contents of this image to the Writer in PNG format.
        img.save("test.png").unwrap();
    }

# video stream #

ffmpeg  
ffmpeg-sys

# 通过Rc修改Struct #

use std::rc::Rc;
    use std::cell::{RefCell, Cell};
    
    #[derive(Debug)]
    struct MyArg {
        pub arg0: i32,
        pub arg1: Cell<i32>, // 不用mut, 直接set/replace
        pub arg2: RefCell<String>, // 需要mut,然后修改
    //    pub arg3: Cell<String>, // Error, Cell要求必须实现Copy
    }
    
    
    fn main() {
        let a = Rc::new(MyArg {
            arg0: 0,
            arg1: Cell::new(10) ,
            arg2: RefCell::new("231".to_string()),
        });
        dbg!(&a);
        a.arg1.replace(20);
        // a.arg0 = 11; // can't do this
        a.arg2.borrow_mut().push_str("======");
        dbg!(&a);
    }

# Option/Result/Future #

extern crate futures;
    
    use futures::prelude::*;
    use futures::Future;
    use futures::future;
    use std::result;
    use std::io::Error;
    
    // Option, Box, Future, Result
    
    fn t1(a: i32) -> Option<i32> {
        if a > 10 {
            Some(a)
        } else {
            None
        }
    }
    
    fn t2(a: i32) -> Result<i32, String> {
        if a > 10 {
            Ok(a)
        } else {
            Err("a is too small".to_string())
        }
    }
    
    fn my_fn() -> Result<u32, Box<Error>> {
        Ok(100)
    }
    
    fn my_fut() -> impl Future<Item=u32, Error=Box<Error>> {
        future::ok(100)
    }
    
    fn main() {
        // Option 用法和解法
        println!("{:?}", t1(11).unwrap());
        println!("{:?}", t1(3).unwrap_or_else(|| -1));
    
        // Result 用法和解包
        // ? 操作符可以简化Result类型返回值的传递，最终解包还需手动
        println!("{:?}", t2(12).unwrap_or_default());
        let x = match t2(6) {
            Ok(v) => v,
            Err(_) => 0,
        };
        println!("{:?}", x);
        let x = t2(2).unwrap_or_else(|_| -1);
        println!("{:?}", x);
    
        // future 用法和解包
        // Rust 的 futures 其實就是 Results：也就是說你需要指定預期返回類型和錯誤類型。
        let f1 = my_fn();
        println!("{:?}", f1.unwrap_or(0));
        let f2 = my_fut();
        println!("{:?}", f2.wait().unwrap_or(0)); // wait 执行
        // 尴尬的是，目前的rust除了wait没有好的办法执行future。等待await出来后可能会好点。
        // 目前一般做法是使用pool跑，然后接收返回。建议使用tokio来做这些事。
    
        // Box 只是一个指针，可以直接访问。
    }

# 传参&传值 #

// 传指针（引用）
    fn fuc1( arg1: &mut i32 ){
        *arg1 = 2;
        println!("fuc1 {}", arg1);
    }
    
    // 传值
    fn fuc2(mut arg1: i32){
        arg1 = 3;
        println!("fuc2 {}", arg1);
    }
    
    fn main() {
        let mut a = 10;
        fuc1(&mut a); // 匹配&mut i32类型，传递的是指针
        println!("{}", a); // 2
        fuc2(a);  // 匹配mut i32，但是mut是函数内arg1可变，仍然传值
        println!("{}", a); // 2
    }

# &mut误解 #

fn main() {
        let mut x = &mut 5_i32;
        println!("{:p} {}", x, x);
        let mut a = 10;
        x = &mut a; // x 指针赋值
        println!("{:p} {}", x, x);
        *x = 12;  // x指针指向的内存赋值
        println!("{:p} {}", x, x);
    }
    /*
    0xebd031f7b4 5
    0xebd031f82c 10
    0xebd031f82c 12
    */

`mut x` 表示x变量是可变的,更改方式为`x=&mut a;`，`&mut 5_i32`表示x指向一个i32指针，并且这个指针指向的内存区域存储的值可以更改，更改方法为`*x = 12;`。

# Copy&Clone #

Copy内部没有方法，只是一个空的trait，必须有Clone才能实现Copy。给编译器采用，改变move行为的。如果一个结构体需要Copy,则其每个成员必须实现Copy.  
Copy一般要求可以使用memcpy直接复制，而带有drop语义的一般不能实现Copy.

Clone需要实现具体的内容,内有2个方法。给编码者主动调用。任何类型都可实现Clone。

自动生成工具：`#[derive(Clone,Copy)]`

# 析构函数 #

在Rust中编写析构函数方法是实现`impl std::ops::Drop`

trait Drop{
        fn drop(&mut self);
    }

# 资源管理 #

RUST的RAII通常在使用资源时，不需要手动关闭或者释放，依赖生存周期，自动完成。

use std::fs::File;
    use std::io::Read;
    
    fn main() {
        let f = File::open("/target/file/path");
        if f.is_err() {
            println!("file is not exist.");
            return;
        }
        let mut f = f.unwrap();
        let mut content = String::new();
        let result = f.read_to_string(&mut content);
        if result.is_err() {
            println!("read file error.");
            return;
        }
        println!("{}", result.unwrap());
    }

生命周期提前结束可以使用`std::mem::drop()`方法主动结束。

除了move,clone,变量还可以被借用，`&`表示只读借用，`&mut`表示读写借用。借用指针也被称为引用ref。  
借用指针与普通指针内部是一样的，只在语义上有区别。

共享不可变，可变不共享

*  `&`称为共享型指针，可多个存在
 *  `&mut`称为独占型指针，只能存在一个

Rc是智能指针，只能共享访问存储内容，不能修改。  
Cell具有内部可变性，不仅可以访问，还可以修改其存储内容。限制是通过`get_mut()`只能在Life time内存在一个可变访问。  
RefCell同Cell,但是通过`borrow/borrow_mut`可以提供`Ref<T>/RefMut<T>`提供多个可读写对象使用。

Rust中提供了只读引用的类型有`&、Rc、Arc`等指针，它们可以提供alias。Rust中提供了内部可变性的类型有`Cell、RefCell、Mutex、RwLock`以及`Atomic*`系列类型等。这两类类型经常需要配合使用。  
如果你需要把一个类型T封装到内部可变性类型中去，要怎样选择Cell和RefCell呢？  
原则就是，如果你只需要整体性地存入、取出T，那么就选Cell。如果你需要有个可读写指针指向这个T修改它，那么就选RefCell。

Cow(Copy on write)当资源写入时才进行复制，否则是借用。

需要提醒大家注意的是，“取引用”操作符，如&、&mut，是不允许重载的。  
因此，“取引用”和“解引用”并非对称互补关系。`*&T`的类型一定是T，而`&*T`的类型未必就是T。

[https_github.com_huytd_kanban-app]: https://github.com/huytd/kanban-app
[https_crates.io_crates_web-view]: https://crates.io/crates/web-view
[https_rustwasm.github.io_book_game-of-life_introduction.html]: https://rustwasm.github.io/book/game-of-life/introduction.html