京东云Kubernetes集群+Traefik实战

朱雀 2021-04-17 17:30 440阅读 0赞

Traefik支持丰富的annotations配置，可配置众多出色的特性，例如：自动熔断、负载均衡策略、黑名单、白名单。所以**Traefik对于微服务来说简直就是一神器。**

利用Traefik，并结合京东云Kubernetes集群及其他云服务（RDS，NAS，OSS，块存储等），**可快速构建弹性扩展的微服务集群。**

Traefik是一个为了让部署微服务更加便捷而诞生的现代HTTP反向代理、负载均衡工具。它支持多种后台（Kubernetes，Docker，Swarm，Marathon，Mesos，Consul，Etcd，Zookeeper等）。

**本文大致步骤如下：**

*  Kubernetes权限配置（RBAC）；
 *  Traefik部署；
 *  创建三个实例服务；
 *  生成Ingress规则，并通过PATH测试通过Traefik访问各个服务；
 *  Traefik配置域名及TLS证书，并实现HTTP重定向到HTTS。

> 本文部署Traefik使用到的Yaml文件均基于Traefik官方实例，并为适配京东云Kubernetes集群做了相关修改：
> 
> https://github.com/containous/traefik/tree/master/examples/k8s

基本概念

**1**

## Ingress边界路由 ##

虽然Kubernetes集群内部署的pod、server都有自己的IP，但是却无法提供外网访问，虽然我们可以通过监听NodePort的方式暴露服务，但是这种方式并不灵活，生产环境也不建议使用。

Ingresss是k8s集群中的一个API资源对象，扮演边缘路由器(edge router)的角色，也可以理解为集群防火墙、集群网关，我们可以自定义路由规则来转发、管理、暴露服务(一组Pod)，非常灵活，生产环境建议使用这种方式。

什么是Ingress？

在Kubernetes中，Service和Pod的IP地址仅可以在集群网络内部使用，对于集群外的应用是不可见的。为了使外部的应用能够访问集群内的服务，在Kubernetes中可以通过NodePort和LoadBalancer这两种类型的Service，或者使用Ingress。

Ingress本质是通过http代理服务器将外部的http请求转发到集群内部的后端服务。通过Ingress，外部应用访问群集内容服务的过程如下所示：

**Ingress 就是为进入集群的请求提供路由规则的集合。**

Ingress 可以给 Service 提供集群外部访问的URL、负载均衡、SSL终止、HTTP路由等。为了配置这些 Ingress 规则，集群管理员需要部署一个 Ingress controller，它监听 Ingress 和 Service 的变化，并根据规则配置负载均衡并提供访问入口。

**2**

## Traefik是什么？ ##

> Traefik在Github上Star数超19K：
> 
> https://github.com/containous/traefik

**Traefik is a modern HTTP reverse proxy and load balancer designed for deploying microservices.**

Traefik是一个为了让部署微服务更加便捷而诞生的现代HTTP反向代理、负载均衡工具。

Traefik是一个用Golang开发的轻量级的Http反向代理和负载均衡器，虽然相比于Nginx，它是后起之秀，但是它天然拥抱Kubernetes，直接与集群K8s的Api Server通信，反应非常迅速，同时还提供了友好的控制面板和监控界面，不仅可以方便地查看Traefik根据Ingress生成的路由配置信息，还可以查看统计的一些性能指标数据，如：总响应时间、平均响应时间、不同的响应码返回的总次数等。

不仅如此，Traefik还支持丰富的annotations配置，可配置众多出色的特性，例如：自动熔断、负载均衡策略、黑名单、白名单。所以Traefik对于微服务来说简直就是一神器。

> Traefik User Guide for Kubernetes：
> 
> https://docs.traefik.io/user-guide/kubernetes/

**3**

## 京东云Kubernetes集群 ##

京东云Kubernetes整合京东云虚拟化、存储和网络能力，提供高性能可伸缩的容器应用管理能力，简化集群的搭建和扩容等工作，让用户专注于容器化的应用的开发与管理。

用户可以在京东云创建一个安全高可用的 Kubernetes 集群，并由京东云完全托管 Kubernetes 服务，并保证集群的稳定性和可靠性。让用户可以方便地在京东云上使用 Kubernetes 管理容器应用。

京东云Kubernetes集群：

https://3.cn/C5KdrKa

前置条件

**1**

## 创建京东云Kubernetes集群 ##

创建Kubernetes集群

请参考：

[docs.jdcloud.com/cn/jcs-for-…][docs.jdcloud.com_cn_jcs-for-]

**2**

## Kubernetes客户端配置 ##

集群创建完成后，需要配置kubectl客户端以连接Kubernetes集群。

请参考：

https://docs.jdcloud.com/cn/jcs-for-kubernetes/connect-to-cluster

Traefik部署

**1**

## 权限配置 ##

创建响应的Cluster Role和Cluster Role Binding，以赋予Traefik足够的权限。

Yaml文件如下：

$ cat traefik-rbac.yaml
    ---
    kind: ClusterRole
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
    metadata:
      name: traefik-ingress-controller
    rules:
      - apiGroups:
          - ""
        resources:
          - services
          - endpoints
          - secrets
        verbs:
          - get
          - list
          - watch
      - apiGroups:
          - extensions
        resources:
          - ingresses
        verbs:
          - get
          - list
          - watch
    ---
    kind: ClusterRoleBinding
    apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
    metadata:
      name: traefik-ingress-controller
    roleRef:
      apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
      kind: ClusterRole
      name: traefik-ingress-controller
    subjects:
    - kind: ServiceAccount
      name: traefik-ingress-controller
      namespace: kube-system

**开始创建**

$ kubectl create -f traefik-rbac.yaml 
    clusterrole "traefik-ingress-controller" created
    clusterrolebinding "traefik-ingress-controller" created

**创建成功**

$ kubectl get clusterrole -n kube-system | grep traefik
    traefik-ingress-controller                                             25s
    
    $ kubectl get clusterrolebinding -n kube-system | grep traefik
    traefik-ingress-controller                             35s

**2**

## 部署Traefik ##

本文选择使用Deployment部署Traefik。除此之外，Traefik还提供了DaemonSet的部署方式：

https://github.com/containous/traefik/blob/master/examples/k8s/traefik-ds.yaml

Traefik的80端口为接收HTTP请求，8080端口为Dashboard访问端口；通过Load Balancer类型的Service创建京东云负载均衡SLB，来作为K8s集群的统一入口。

Yaml文件如下：

$ cat traefik-deployment.yaml 
    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: ServiceAccount
    metadata:
      name: traefik-ingress-controller
      namespace: kube-system
    ---
    kind: Deployment
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    metadata:
      name: traefik-ingress-controller
      namespace: kube-system
      labels:
        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
    spec:
      replicas: 1
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
            name: traefik-ingress-lb
        spec:
          serviceAccountName: traefik-ingress-controller
          terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
          containers:
          - image: traefik
            name: traefik-ingress-lb
            ports:
            - name: http
              containerPort: 80
            - name: admin
              containerPort: 8080
            args:
            - --api
            - --kubernetes
            - --logLevel=INFO
    ---
    kind: Service
    apiVersion: v1
    metadata:
      name: traefik-ingress-service
      namespace: kube-system
    spec:
      selector:
        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 80
          name: web
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 8080
          name: admin
      type: LoadBalancer

**开始创建**

$ kubectl create -f traefik-deployment.yaml  
serviceaccount "traefik-ingress-controller" created  
deployment "traefik-ingress-controller" created  
service "traefik-ingress-service" created

**Pod正常运行**

$ kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep traefik  
traefik-ingress-controller-668679b744-jvmbg 1/1 Running 0 57s

**查看Pod日志**

$ kubectl logs traefik-ingress-controller-668679b744-jvmbg -n kube-system
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Traefik version v1.7.6 built on 2018-12-14_06:43:37AM"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="\nStats collection is disabled.\nHelp us improve Traefik by turning this feature on :)\nMore details on: https://docs.traefik.io/basics/#collected-data\n"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Preparing server http &{Address::80 TLS:<nil> Redirect:<nil> Auth:<nil> WhitelistSourceRange:[] WhiteList:<nil> Compress:false ProxyProtocol:<nil> ForwardedHeaders:0xc0005f9e20} with readTimeout=0s writeTimeout=0s idleTimeout=3m0s"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Preparing server traefik &{Address::8080 TLS:<nil> Redirect:<nil> Auth:<nil> WhitelistSourceRange:[] WhiteList:<nil> Compress:false ProxyProtocol:<nil> ForwardedHeaders:0xc0005f9e40} with readTimeout=0s writeTimeout=0s idleTimeout=3m0s"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Starting provider configuration.ProviderAggregator {}"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Starting server on :80"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Starting server on :8080"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Starting provider *kubernetes.Provider {\"Watch\":true,\"Filename\":\"\",\"Constraints\":[],\"Trace\":false,\"TemplateVersion\":0,\"DebugLogGeneratedTemplate\":false,\"Endpoint\":\"\",\"Token\":\"\",\"CertAuthFilePath\":\"\",\"DisablePassHostHeaders\":false,\"EnablePassTLSCert\":false,\"Namespaces\":null,\"LabelSelector\":\"\",\"IngressClass\":\"\",\"IngressEndpoint\":null}"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="ingress label selector is: \"\""
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:49Z" level=info msg="Creating in-cluster Provider client"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:50Z" level=info msg="Server configuration reloaded on :80"
    time="2018-12-15T16:58:50Z" level=info msg="Server configuration reloaded on :8080"

**查看Traefik对应的SLB Service**

1$ kubectl get svc/traefik-ingress-service -n kube-system
    2NAME                      TYPE           CLUSTER-IP    EXTERNAL-IP     PORT(S)                       AGE
    3traefik-ingress-service   LoadBalancer   10.0.58.175   114.67.95.167   80:30331/TCP,8080:30232/TCP   2m

京东云负载均衡的公网IP为114.67.95.167。

如果需要通过域名访问K8s内的服务，则可以通过将域名解析至该公网IP。

此时，通过“公网IP:8080”便可以访问Traefik的Dashboard。

**3**

## Traefik使用示例 ##

创建服务

创建3个Deployment对外提供HTTP服务，分别名为：Stilton、Cheddar、Wensleydale。

$ cat cheese-deployments.yaml
    ---
    kind: Deployment
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    metadata:
      name: stilton
      labels:
        app: cheese
        cheese: stilton
    spec:
      replicas: 2
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: cheese
          task: stilton
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: cheese
            task: stilton
            version: v0.0.1
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: cheese
            image: errm/cheese:stilton
            resources:
              requests:
                cpu: 100m
                memory: 50Mi
              limits:
                cpu: 100m
                memory: 50Mi
            ports:
            - containerPort: 80
    ---
    kind: Deployment
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    metadata:
      name: cheddar
      labels:
        app: cheese
        cheese: cheddar
    spec:
      replicas: 2
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: cheese
          task: cheddar
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: cheese
            task: cheddar
            version: v0.0.1
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: cheese
            image: errm/cheese:cheddar
            resources:
              requests:
                cpu: 100m
                memory: 50Mi
              limits:
                cpu: 100m
                memory: 50Mi
            ports:
            - containerPort: 80
    ---
    kind: Deployment
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    metadata:
      name: wensleydale
      labels:
        app: cheese
        cheese: wensleydale
    spec:
      replicas: 2
      selector:
        matchLabels:
          app: cheese
          task: wensleydale
      template:
        metadata:
          labels:
            app: cheese
            task: wensleydale
            version: v0.0.1
        spec:
          containers:
          - name: cheese
            image: errm/cheese:wensleydale
            resources:
              requests:
                cpu: 100m
                memory: 50Mi
              limits:
                cpu: 100m
                memory: 50Mi
            ports:
            - containerPort: 80

$ kubectl create -f cheese-deployments.yaml 
    deployment "stilton" created
    deployment "cheddar" created
    deployment "wensleydale" created

**对应的Service**

$ cat cheese-services.yaml
    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      name: stilton
    spec:
      ports:
      - name: http
        targetPort: 80
        port: 80
      selector:
        app: cheese
        task: stilton
    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      name: cheddar
    spec:
      ports:
      - name: http
        targetPort: 80
        port: 80
      selector:
        app: cheese
        task: cheddar
    ---
    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Service
    metadata:
      name: wensleydale
    spec:
      ports:
      - name: http
        targetPort: 80
        port: 80
      selector:
        app: cheese
        task: wensleydale

$ kubectl create -f cheese-services.yaml 
    service "stilton" created
    service "cheddar" created
    service "wensleydale" created

创建Ingress

Ingress Yaml文件如下：

$ cat my-cheeses-ingress.yaml
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    kind: Ingress
    metadata:
      name: cheeses
      annotations:
        traefik.frontend.rule.type: PathPrefixStrip
    spec:
      rules:
      - host: www.<your-domain-name>.com 
        http:
          paths:
          - path: /stilton
            backend:
              serviceName: stilton
              servicePort: http
          - path: /cheddar
            backend:
              serviceName: cheddar
              servicePort: http
          - path: /wensleydale
            backend:
              serviceName: wensleydale
              servicePort: http

**创建Ingress**

$ kubectl create -f my-cheeses-ingress.yaml 
    ingress "cheeses" created

**创建成功**

$ kubectl describe ingress/cheeses
    Name:             cheeses
    Namespace:        default
    Address:          
    Default backend:  default-http-backend:80 (<none>)
    Rules:
      Host             Path  Backends
      ----             ----  --------
      www.<your-domain-name>.com  
                       /stilton       stilton:http (<none>)
                       /cheddar       cheddar:http (<none>)
                       /wensleydale   wensleydale:http (<none>)
    Annotations:
    Events:  <none>

访问服务

直接通过ELB IP+PATH访问：

$ curl 114.67.95.167/stilton
    404 page not found

访问失败，因为Ingress规则里指定了host。

请求Header中指定host：

$ curl -H "Host:www.<your-domain-name>.com" 114.67.95.167/stilton
    <html>
      <head>
        <style>
          html { 
            background: url(./bg.png) no-repeat center center fixed; 
            -webkit-background-size: cover;
            -moz-background-size: cover;
            -o-background-size: cover;
            background-size: cover;
          }
    
          h1 {
            font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
            background: rgba(187, 187, 187, 0.5);
            width: 3em;
            padding: 0.5em 1em;
            margin: 1em;
          }
        </style>
      </head>
      <body>
        <h1>Stilton</h1>
      </body>
    </html>

访问成功。

但是由于域名未备案，这种方式会被京东云拦截。

两种方式：  
**一****、Ingress里移除指定host；**  
**二、****注册域名，并绑定证书及私钥。**

从Ingress中移除host

将host字段注释掉：

$ cat my-cheeses-ingress.yaml 
    apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
    kind: Ingress
    metadata:
      name: cheeses
      annotations:
        traefik.frontend.rule.type: PathPrefixStrip
    spec:
      rules:
    # - host: www.<your-domain-name>.com 
      - http:
          paths:
          - path: /stilton
            backend:
              serviceName: stilton
              servicePort: http
          - path: /cheddar
            backend:
              serviceName: cheddar
              servicePort: http
          - path: /wensleydale
            backend:
              serviceName: wensleydale
              servicePort: http

**重建Ingress**

$ kubectl replace -f my-cheeses-ingress.yaml 
    ingress "cheeses" replaced
    $ kubectl get ingress
    NAME      HOSTS     ADDRESS   PORTS     AGE
    cheeses   *                   80        18m复制代码

Ingress更新成功，通过公网IP+PATH访问。

**Stilton服务**

$ curl -I 114.67.95.167/stilton
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
    Content-Length: 517
    Content-Type: text/html
    Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2018 06:19:15 GMT
    Etag: "5784f6c9-205"
    Last-Modified: Tue, 12 Jul 2016 13:55:21 GMT
    Server: nginx/1.11.1

**Cheddar服务**

$ curl -I 114.67.95.167/cheddar
    HTTP/1.1 200 OK
    Accept-Ranges: bytes
    Content-Length: 517
    Content-Type: text/html
    Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2018 06:19:54 GMT
    Etag: "5784f6e1-205"
    Last-Modified: Tue, 12 Jul 2016 13:55:45 GMT
    Server: nginx/1.11.1复制代码

**Wensleydale服务**

$ curl -I 114.67.95.167/wensleydale  
HTTP/1.1 200 OK  
Accept-Ranges: bytes  
Content-Length: 521  
Content-Type: text/html  
Date: Thu, 20 Dec 2018 06:20:00 GMT  
Etag: "5784f6fb-209"  
Last-Modified: Tue, 12 Jul 2016 13:56:11 GMT  
Server: nginx/1.11.1

三个服务均可通过/正常访问。

配置域名及证书

申请域名：.com，并在京东云上备案，并解析到SLB公网IP：114.67.95.167

**证书和私钥**

$ ll *.pem
    -rw-r--r-- 1 pmo_jd_a pmo_jd_a 3554 Dec 20 16:04 fullchain.pem
    -rw------- 1 pmo_jd_a pmo_jd_a 1708 Dec 20 16:04 privkey.pem

创建Secret保存证书和私钥：

$ kubectl create secret generic traefik-cert --from-file=fullchain.pem --from-file=privkey.pem -n kube-system
    secret "traefik-cert" created

Traefik配置文件(HTTP访问重定向到HTTPS，证书及私钥存放在/ssl/目录下，需要Secret挂载到该目录以供Traefik读取)：

# cat traefik.toml
    defaultEntryPoints = ["http","https"]
    [entryPoints]
      [entryPoints.http]
      address = ":80"
        [entryPoints.http.redirect]
          entryPoint = "https"
      [entryPoints.https]
      address = ":443"
        [entryPoints.https.tls]
          [[entryPoints.https.tls.certificates]]
          CertFile = "/ssl/fullchain.pem"
          KeyFile = "/ssl/privkey.pem"

创建ConfigMap用于保存配置文件traefik.toml：

1$ kubectl create configmap traefik-conf --from-file=traefik.toml -n kube-system  
2configmap "traefik-conf" created

需要重新部署Traefik，新的Yaml文件如下：

$ cat traefik-deployment-new.yaml  
kind: Deployment  
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1  
metadata:  
 name: traefik-ingress-controller  
 namespace: kube-system  
 labels:  
 k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb  
spec:  
 replicas: 1  
 selector:  
 matchLabels:  
 k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb  
 template:  
 metadata:  
 labels:  
 k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb  
 name: traefik-ingress-lb  
 spec:  
 serviceAccountName: traefik-ingress-controller  
 terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60  
 containers:  
 - image: traefik  
 name: traefik-ingress-lb  
 ports:  
 - name: http  
 containerPort: 80  
 - name: admin  
 containerPort: 8080  
 args:  
 - --api  
 - --kubernetes  
 - --logLevel=INFO  
 - --configfile=/config/traefik.toml  
 volumeMounts:  
 - mountPath: "/ssl"  
 name: "ssl"  
 - mountPath: "/config"  
 name: "config"  
 volumes:  
 - name: ssl  
 secret:  
 secretName: traefik-cert  
 - name: config  
 configMap:  
 name: traefik-conf

重新部署：

$ kubectl replace -f traefik-deployment-new.yaml 
    deployment "traefik-ingress-controller" replaced
    $ kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep traefik
    traefik-ingress-controller-668679b744-jvmbg   0/1       Terminating         0          4d
    traefik-ingress-controller-7d6cd769c9-2p57t   0/1       ContainerCreating   0          3s
    $ kubectl get pod -n kube-system | grep traefik
    traefik-ingress-controller-7d6cd769c9-2p57t   1/1       Running   0          19s复制代码

重新部署的Pod正常running。

**查看Pod日志**

$ kubectl logs traefik-ingress-controller-7d6cd769c9-2p57t -n kube-system
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Preparing server traefik &{Address::8080 TLS:<nil> Redirect:<nil> Auth:<nil> WhitelistSourceRange:[] WhiteList:<nil> Compress:false ProxyProtocol:<nil> ForwardedHeaders:0xc00072dbc0} with readTimeout=0s writeTimeout=0s idleTimeout=3m0s"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Preparing server http &{Address::80 TLS:<nil> Redirect:0xc00059de40 Auth:<nil> WhitelistSourceRange:[] WhiteList:<nil> Compress:false ProxyProtocol:<nil> ForwardedHeaders:0xc00072db80} with readTimeout=0s writeTimeout=0s idleTimeout=3m0s"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Preparing server https &{Address::443 TLS:0xc000216c60 Redirect:<nil> Auth:<nil> WhitelistSourceRange:[] WhiteList:<nil> Compress:false ProxyProtocol:<nil> ForwardedHeaders:0xc00072dba0} with readTimeout=0s writeTimeout=0s idleTimeout=3m0s"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Starting provider configuration.ProviderAggregator {}"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Starting server on :8080"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Starting server on :80"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Starting server on :443"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Starting provider *kubernetes.Provider {\"Watch\":true,\"Filename\":\"\",\"Constraints\":[],\"Trace\":false,\"TemplateVersion\":0,\"DebugLogGeneratedTemplate\":false,\"Endpoint\":\"\",\"Token\":\"\",\"CertAuthFilePath\":\"\",\"DisablePassHostHeaders\":false,\"EnablePassTLSCert\":false,\"Namespaces\":null,\"LabelSelector\":\"\",\"IngressClass\":\"\",\"IngressEndpoint\":null}"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="ingress label selector is: \"\""
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Creating in-cluster Provider client"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Server configuration reloaded on :8080"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Server configuration reloaded on :80"
    time="2018-12-20T09:29:30Z" level=info msg="Server configuration reloaded on :443"

**更新Ingress**

**重建Ingress**

1$ kubectl replace -f my-cheeses-ingress.yaml

更新Traefik Service，开放443端口：

$ cat traefik-service.yaml 
    kind: Service
    apiVersion: v1
    metadata:
      name: traefik-ingress-service
      namespace: kube-system
    spec:
      selector:
        k8s-app: traefik-ingress-lb
      ports:
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 80
          name: web
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 8080
          name: admin
        - protocol: TCP
          port: 443
          name: tls
      type: LoadBalancer

应用Service更新：

1$ kubectl apply -f traefik-service.yaml -n kube-system
    2Warning: kubectl apply should be used on resource created by either kubectl create --save-config or kubectl apply
    3service "traefik-ingress-service" configured

HTTPS访问：

https://www.your-domain-name.com/stilton

以及HTTP：

http://www.your-domain-name.com/stilton

均可正常访问，且HTTP访问会被重定向到HTTPS。

总结:

本文仅测试了traefik的路由分发，当然traefik的功能远远不止于此，其大致特性如下：

*  它非常快~~~
 *  无需安装其他依赖，通过Go语言编写的单一可执行文件
 *  支持 Rest API
 *  多种后台支持：Docker, Swarm, Kubernetes, Marathon, Mesos, Consul, Etcd, 并且还会更多
 *  后台监控, 可以监听后台变化进而自动化应用新的配置文件设置
 *  配置文件热更新，无需重启进程
 *  正常结束http连接
 *  后端断路器
 *  轮询，rebalancer 负载均衡
 *  Rest Metrics
 *  支持最小化 官方 docker 镜像
 *  后台支持SSL
 *  前台支持SSL（包括SNI）
 *  清爽的AngularJS前端页面
 *  支持Websocket
 *  支持HTTP/2
 *  网络错误重试
 *  支持Let’s Encrypt (自动更新HTTPS证书)
 *  高可用集群模式